JOURNAL OF THE
NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB
Conducted and published for the Club, by MERRITT LYNDON FERNALD, Editor-in-Chief
CHARLES ALFRED WEATHERBY LUDLOW GRISCOM Associate Editors STUART KIMBALL HARRIS
VOLUME 41
1939
The New England Botanical Club, Inc.
8 and 10 West King St., Lancaster, Pa. Room 1001, 53 State St., Boston, Mass.
JAN
ot
N
одога
JOURNAL ОЕ THE
NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB
Conducted and published for the Club, by : MERRITT LYNDON FERNALD, Editor-in-Chief
CHARLES ALFRED WEATHERBY LUDLOW GRISCOM Associate Editors STUART KIMBALL HARRIS
Vol. 41. January, 1939, No. 481.
CONTENTS: Monographic Studies in the Genus Eleocharis—V. H. K. Svenson 1 Some Algal Complexities. V. J. Слартан..................... 19
Plants of Central Pennsylvania. Robert T. Clausen and Herbert A. МЕЕ: V. V ev vv oS 28
On certain Plant Records from Hillsboro, New Hampshire. C. A. Weutherby and 3: F; Blake. улаш шт о: t 34
The New England Botanical Club, Ine. 8 and 10 West King St., Lancaster, Pa. Room 1001, 53 State St., Boston, Mass.
10 1939
RHODORA.—A monthly journal of botany, devoted primarily to the flora of New England. Price, $2.00 per year, net, postpaid, in funds payable at par in United States currency in Boston; single copies (if available) 20 cents. Volumes 1-8 or some single numbers from them can be supplied only at advanced prices which will be furnished on application. Notes and short scientific papers, relating directly or indirectly to the plants of the northeastern states, will be considered for publication to the extent that the limited space of the journal permits. Forms will be closed five weeks in advance of publication. Authors (of more than two pages of print) will receive 25 copies of the issue in which their con- tributions appear. Extracted reprints, if ordered in advance, will be furnished at cost.
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CARD-INDEX OF NEW GENERA, SPECIES AND VARIETIES OF AMERICAN PLANTS, 1885 TO DATE.
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Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.
Rhodora Plate 537
Ei i
Айана
ELEOCHARIS (spikelets X 2, achenes X 10). Fia. 1, E. PLICARHACHIS. Fia. 2, E. ELONGATA. Fic. 3, E. LAXIFLORA. Fia. 4, E. varrecara. Fic. 5, E. MITRATA. Kia. 6, E. puters. Ес. 7, E. cyninprosracuys. Fic. 8, E. CALOCARPA.
Rbodora
JOURNAL OF
THE NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB
Vol. 41. January, 1939. No. 481.
MONOGRAPHIC STUDIES IN THE GENUS ELEOCHARIS—V! Н. К. SvENSON (Plates 537-547)
Tuis paper, concluding the purely taxonomic treatment of Eleo- charis, includes species not previously or adequately discussed, to- gether with illustrations, distributional maps, and indexes to all species.
Since my initial treatment of the genus, I have seen most of the additional large collections of Eleocharis in this country, and during two visits to Europe, I was able to find many of the types which could not otherwise be interpreted. To all who have lent me material for study and to those who have given me access to collections, I offer my deep appreciation.
To the groups into which the genus has been divided (RHODORA xxxi. 127-129 (1929), the old-world Multicaules have been added; the incongruous series Zntermediae, Melanocarpeae and Tuberculosae have been eliminated.
As to the relationships of Eleocharis, little can be said here. It is a "natural" genus, probably most closely allied to Fimbristylis, as Chermezon has pointed out. From species of Scirpus (i.e. S. cespito- sus, S. pumilus, S. planifolius, etc.) there is a marked cleavage in the texture of the achene and especially in the type of cellular reticulation, the most important single character for determination of species in Eleocharis. As discussed under the Palustres, the relative width or constriction of the tubercle, the nature of the sheath-apex, or the
! Brooklyn Botanic Garden Contributions no. 85. The cost of plates and maps is met by the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
| JANUARY
Rhodora
Cv
Range of ELEOCHARIS, series ACICULARES.
Map 1.
Mar 2. Range of ELEOCHARIS, subseries PALUSTRES.
1939] Svenson,—Monographic Studies in the Genus Eleocharis d
uniglumate condition of the lowest scale are not always dependable characters.
ELEOCHARIS: CONSPECTUS OF THE GENUS Series 1. MUTATAE.
1, E. fistulosa. 2, E. nupeensis. 3, E. quadrangulata. 4, E. mutata. 5, E. cellulosa. 6, E. variegata. 7, E. laxiflora. 8, E. nuda. 9, E. calocarpa. 10, E. spiralis. 11, E. interstincta. 12, E. equisetoides. 13, E. duleis. 14, E. sphacelata. 15, E. Robbinsii. 16, E. elongata. 17, E. mitrata. 18, E. Jelskiana. 19, E. plicarhachis.
Series 2. PAUCIFLORAE.
20, E. pauciflora. 21, E. macrantha. 22, E. margaritacea. 23, E. parvula. 24, E. rostellata. 25, E. melanomphala.
Series 3. ACICULARES.
26, E. exigua. 27, Е. radicans. 28, E. bonariensis. 29, E. stenocarpa. 30, E. nervata. 31, E. brachycarpa. 32, E. cancellata. 33, E. bella. 34, E. Reverchonii. 35, E. Wolfii. 36, E. acieularis. 37, E. pusilla.
Series 4. OvATAE. 38, E. obtusa. 39, E. ovata. 40, E. Engelmanni. 41, E. lanceolata.
Series 5. MACULOSAE. ;
42, E. maculosa. 43, E. fuscopurpurea. 44, E. debilis. 45, E. baha- mensis. 46, E. atropurpurea. 47, E. capillacea. 48, E. Sellowiana. 49, E. Schaffneri. 50, E. olivacea. 51, E. flavescens. 52, E. Sintenisii. 53, E. geniculata. 54, E. minuta. 55, Е. intricata.
Series 6. PALUSTRIFORMES.
Sub-series: PALUSTRES.
56, E. palustris. 57, E. mamillata. 58, E. maerostachya. 59, E. neo- zeylandica. 60, E. melanostachys. 61, E. Dregeana. 62, E. mitracarpa. 63, E. Savatieri. 64, E. calva. 65, E. Smallii. 66, E. ambigens. 67, E. halophila. 68, E. uniglumis. 69, E. kamtschatiea.
Sub-series: TRuNCATAE (North American).
70, E. elliptica. 71, E. tenuis. 72, E. compressa. 73, E. nitida. 74, E. acutisquamata. 75, E. tricostata. 75a, E. cylindrica. 76, E. Boland- eri. 77, E. Palmeri. 78, E. decumbens. 79, E. Parishii. 80, E. inter- media. 81, E. Macounii.
Sub-series: TRUNCATAE (chiefly South American).
82, E. Dombeyana. 83, E. crinalis. 84, E. Rabenii. 85, E. albibrac- teata. 86, E. montevidensis. 87, E. nodulosa. 88, E. Parodii. 89, E. elegans. 89а, E. densa. 90, E. Lechleri. 91, E. mendocina. 92, E. Spegazzini. 93, E. Haumaniana.
Series 7. TENUISSIMAE.
94, E. minima. 95, E. urceolata. 96, E. Barrosii. 97, E. nana. 98, E. amazonica. 99, E. oligantha. 100, E. nigrescens. 101, E. subcancellata. 102, E. microcarpa. 103, E.retroflexa. 104, E. glauca. 105, E. alveolata. 106, E. Baldwini. 107, E. vivipara. 108, E. subfoliata. 109, E. grisea. 110, E. minutissima. 111, E. tortilis. 112, E. tuberculosa. 113, E.
4 Rhodora [JANUARY
Chaetaria. 114, E. Brainii. 115, E. Schweinfurthiana. 116, E. caespito- sissima. 117, E. aneeps. 118, E. trilophus. 119, E. Naumanniana. Series 8. SULCATAE.
120, E. nudipes. 121, E. pachystyla. 122, E. quinquangularis. 123, E. filieulmis. 124, E. glauco-virens. 125, E. Loefgreniana. 126, E. dunensis. 127, E. viridans. 128, E. pachycarpa.
Series 9. MurrTICAULES. Old-world species, with 3-fid styles (except Æ. carniolica) ; usually with coarse culms. Spikelets frequently proliferous. 129, E. multicaulis. 130, E. marginulata. 131, E. limosa. 132, E.
Baroni. 133, E. carniolica. 134, Е. tetraquetra. 135, E. laeviseta. 136,
E. pellucida. 137, E. congesta. 13%, E. cylindrostachys. 139, E. acuta.
140, E. Dietriehiana. 141, E. Cunninghamii.
Species of uncertain classification.
142, E. minarum. 143, E. melanocarpa. 144, E. albida. 145, E. squamigera. 146, E. subarticulata.
Series 1: MuTATAE
1. E. risrULOsA (Poir.) Link [map 28]; Svenson, RHODORA xxxi. 152 (1929); Brain, Proc. Rhodesia Sci. Assoc. xxxiii. 84, pl. x, fig. 7 (1934); Hutchinson & Dalziel, Fl. West Trop. Afr. ii. 468 (1936). Scirpus fistulosus Poir. (1804), not Forskàl (1775). S. angulatus Willd. ex Kunth, Enum. ii. 155 (1837) (in synonymy). ŒE. planiculmis Steud. Syn. Cyp. 80 (1855). Additional citations: CuBA: Hatuey, Santa Clara, León no. 9215 (NY). Мехтсо: (sine loc.) F. Mueller no. 1367 (NY). GUATEMALA: Puerto Barrios, Dept. Izabal, Standley no. 25150 (NY). Panama: Chiriqui, El Bouquete, 1200 m., Killip no. 4569 (NY); Chepo, prov. Panama, Pittier no. 4557. Согомвіл: Popayan, Dept. El Cauca, Pennell & Killip no. 8241. Ecuapor: San Cristobal, Galapagos Ids., Schimpf no. 113 (NY) (scales purplish). Bourvia: Apolo, 4800 ft. R. S. Williams no. 916 (NY); Sara, Dept. Santa Cruz, Steinbach по. 7444 (NY). Paraguay: Villa Rica, Joergensen no. 4497 (NY) and Morong nos. 298 (NY), 499 (NY). ARGENTINA: Misiones, Ekman no. 1295 (NY); Tucuman, Venturi no. 8485 (US, В). BnaziL: Bahia, Salzmann, hb. Lindley (түре of Limnochloa obtuse- trigona); Caldas, Minas Geraes, Regnell П no. 1309 (5); 5. José, Matto Grosso, Lindman no. A2663 (S); Porto Alegro, Rio Grande do Sul, Malme по. 446 (S). Arrica: TANGANYIKA: Manyoni Dist., 4200 ft., Burtt no. 3673 (К) (var. robusta) (culms bright yellow-green; scales brown-margined; basal sheaths dark reddish-brown; bristles short, smooth); Bukoba, 3700 ft., Haarer no. 2078 (K); Nyakato, Bukoba Dist., Haarer no. 2121 (K). ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN: Meshra el Rak, №. D. Simpson no. 7650 (К). BkLGrAN CoNGo: Kabinda, 6? S. 24? E., Becquaert no. 62 (С). SENEGAMBIA: Casaman- ca, Chevalier no. 2432 (К); nw. coast, Hendelot no. 320 (К). SIERRA
1 The earlier homonym does not prevent the name Scirpus fistulosus Poir. from being used in Eleocharis [cf. E. intermedia (Muhl.) К. &. S. p. [56]].
1939] Svenson,—Monographic Studies in the Genus Eleocharis 5
13
с тт SPEI TIC FRAN"
Mars 3-17. Map of ErEocnuanmis, 3, ROoBBINSII; 4, MUTATA; 5, EQUISE- TOIDES; 6, CELLULOSA; 7, JELSKIANA; 8, MITRATA; 9, PLICARHACHIS; 10, QUADRANGULATA; 11, VARIEGATA; 12, NUDA; 13, INTERSTINCTA; 14, ELONGATA; 15, LAXIFLORA; 16, CALOCARPA; 17, SPIRALIS.
6 Rhodora [JANUARY
Leone: Erimakuna, Elliott no. 4453 (К); Romietta, Thomas no. 5605 (К); sine loc., Dighton no. 339 (K); Thomas no. 5296 (K). CAME- RooN: Buar, 6? N. 15? E., alt. 900-1000 m., Mildbraed, no. 9402 (К). RuopEstA: Salisbury, 4800 ft., Eyles no. 4742 (К) (culms light green; scales colored). Mapacascar: Perrier de la Báthie no. 17929 (B) (scales more obtuse than usual; achenes as in Clarke's illustration); Ankazobé, P. de la Bathie no. 2722 (B) (scales purple-tinged) ; Parker in 1880 (К), in part; Petit-Thouars (Berlin, Willd. no. 1196). Ixpo- СніхА: Annam, Mt. Bani, J. & M. S. Clemens no. 4050 (NY) (as E. variegata). Japan: cf. Tokio Bot. Mag. xviii. 110 (1904). Java: Zollinger no. 284 (Paris, түре of Е. planiculmis); Blume (NY). PHILIPPINE [stANDs: Manila, Merrill no. 9790 (NY); Tanculan, Mindanao, Bur.-Science no. 26116 (NY). Borneo: Beccari no. 853 (К). Inpta: Peninsula Ind. Or., hb. Wight nos. 1902 (NY), 3154 (NY), and Wallich Cat. no. 3453B (NY); Upper Gangetic Plain, Thomson (NY). East BENGAL: Griffith no. 6235 (МҮ). British NEw Gurera: Dagwa, Oriomo River, Western Division, Brass no. 6010 (NY). AusTRALIA: Cairns, Cook District, 5. T. Blake no. 9371 (B); Mouton Bay, Mueller (Br. Mus.).
Though the achene-body in oriental specimens averages 1.5 mm. long, as in American material, Wight no. 3154 (NY) has the achene- body 2.0 mm. long, with linear surface-markings resembling those of Е. laxiflora, exactly as in Clarke's illustration (t. xxxv, fig. 4). In the enormous Bolivian specimens of Steinbach no. 7444 the achene-body is also 2 mm. long. In Harris no. 8513 (Jamaica) the bristles are perfectly smooth.
2. E. NuPEENSsIS Hutchinson & Dalziel, Fl. West Trop. Afr. ii. 467 (1936). Similar to К. fistulosa. I believe the following are synonyms: E. fistulosa var. robusta Boeckl. Flora lxii. 563 (1876); Svenson, Ruopona xxxi. 153, pl. 188, fig. 13 (1929). Е. mitrata var. africana C. B. Clarke in Thistleton-Dyer, Fl. Trop. Afr. viii. 406 (1902) and Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 599 (1895) (nomen). Æ. fistulosa var. micrantha Chermezon, Archiv. Bot. Caen. vii. Mém. no. 4: 25 (1936).— The түре (Barter no. 1040 (К) from Мире, northern Nigeria), has grayish achenes 2 mm. long, with brown-rimmed hori- zontal cells, and spikelets much. more slender than in E. fistulosa. Judging from description, E. fistulosa var. micrantha (from Pont du Gendarme near Saint Louis, Senegal), is the same as E. nupeensis.
E. nupeensis, E. fistulosa, E. mutata, E. variegata, and E. calocarpa show great complexity in tropical Africa, and distinction between species is not yet wholly satisfactory.
3. E. QUADRANGULATA (Michx.) К. & 5. [MAP 10]; Svenson, RHODORA
xxxi. 132 (1929).—Noteworthy range extensions: New York: Panther Lake, Oswego Co., Mouse no. 20112 (Alb); Long Pond, North Salem,
1939] Svenson,—Monographic Studies in the Genus Eleocharis 7
Westchester Co., Dr. Meade (Alb); Lake Mahtowantah, Fulton, Oswego Co., Coville по. 16 (Alb). West VrRGINIA: Shawnee Lake, Mercer Co., Core in 1929 (W Va, Duke). Norra Carona: Hen- dersonville, Blomquist no. 5572 (Duke). Grorcta: Augusta, Hilde- brand in 1923 (Duke). INDprANA: Lake Everett, Allen Co., Deam no. 20819 (D); Fredonia, Crawford Co., Deam no. 27306 (D); Corydon, Harrison Co., Deam no. 20517 (D); Bass Lake, Starke Co., Deam no. 54251 (D, B); Adams Lake, Lagrange Co., Deam nos. 54104 (D, B), 95356 (D, B); Madison, Jefferson Co., E. Banta in 1934 (D, B). LovurSiANA: marsh near Orange, Texas, Munz no. 1456 (Pomona). ПпПллкопв: St. Clair Co., Brendel (Ill); Wolf Lake, E. J. Hill no. 90 (Ш); Mascoutah, Welch in 1862-1870 (Ill). "WiscoNsiN: Crooked Lake, Oxford, Adams Co., Fassett & Hotchkiss no. 14396 (B); Shewano Lake, Shewano Co., Hotchkiss & Koehler no. 4311 (B). Mexico: Atequiza, Jalisco, Pringle no. 3473 (B) (scales strongly purple- margined).
Professor Fernald (Кнорока xxxvii. 393 (1935)) has distinguished the coarser plants characteristic of the northern range as var. crassior. Having collected the smaller variety in shallow ponds choked by other aquatic vegetation and the larger form in open deep ponds northward, I suspect that opportunity for growth with little competi- tion is an important factor in determining size.
4. E. mutata (L.) В. & S. [МАР 4], Svenson, RHopona xxxi. 133 (1929); Hutchinson & Dalziel, Fl. West Trop. Afr. ii. 467 (1936). Mexico: Lake Chichencanab, Quintana Roo, Swallen no. 2769 (US). REVILLAGIGEDO Ips.: Clarion I., Howell 8357 (Cal). British Hon- DURAS: Sibun R., Gentle nos. 1429, 1432 (Cath. Univ.). ECUADOR: Puna Island, Andersson in 1852 (S, as E. scariosa). Braziu: Sebasti- anopolis, Martius no. 229 (NY); Ceará, Drouet no. 2503 (B); Rio de Janeiro, Glaziou no. 9337 (NY). AFRICA: LIBERIA: Monrovia, Massey no. 82 (NY). SIERRA Leone: Mambolo, Deighton no. 978 (K); Bagroo River, Mann no. 93 (К); frequent in patches in tidal swamps, withstands considerable brackishness, Glanville no. 211 (К). NIGERIA: salt water swamp, Lagos Island, Barter no. 2234 (K); Lagos, Mac- Gregor no. 327 (К). Bnmrrisu East Arrica: Pemba, Greenway no. 2730 (K).
5. E. CELLULOSA Torr. [МАР 6]; Svenson, RHoporA xxxi. 152 (1929).
Occasional specimens with angled culms appear very close to K. mutata, A few specimens have bristles with traces of teeth; in Britton, Britton & Brown no. 6636 from Condado, Porto Rico, the bristles are strongly barbed. The glossy achene of E. cellulosa has much larger surface cells than the rough dull achene of E. mutata, and the scales are frequently reddish. With a single exception (C. Wright, Rutersville, Texas), all specimens are from brackish coastal areas.
8 Rhodora [JANUARY
6. E. VARIEGATA (Poir.) Presl [Pr. 537, кїб. 4; MAP 11]. Culms stout (3 mm. wide), cylindric, often twisted, and sometimes trigonous below the inflorescence; spikelets lanceolate-cylindrie, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide; scales not appressed, ovate, blunt, striate, convex, semi-glutinous, yellow with ferruginous margins, the lacerate apex broadly hyaline; stamens 3; style 3-fid (or 2-fid); achene obovate, biconvex, 2.0-2.5 mm. long, stramineous, with about 15 rows of inflated horizontally-elongated to isodiametric cells; style-base dark brown, flattened, 0.5 mm. long; bristles brown, equalling or exceeding the achene or frequently wanting.—Svenson, RHODORA xxxi. 156 (1929); Brain, Proc. Rhodesia Sci. Assoc. xxxiii. 84, pl. x, fig. 10 (1934); Chermezon, Arch. Bot. Caen iv, no. 7:40 (1931); Hutchinson & Dalziel, Fl. Trop. West Afr. ii. 84 (1936).—MapaGascar: massif de l'Andringitra, 2000 m., Perrier de la Báthie no. 14567 (B); Blackburn (К); Petit-Thouars (Berlin, hb. Willd.). MavnrriUs: Steber no. 19 (NY); R. E. Vaughan no. B2 (К). SEevcuELLEs: Maké, Thomasset (К) (differs from Sieber no. 19 in heavier, longer bristles and closer reticulation of achene). BEkraraN Conco: Wombali, Vanderyst nos. 4263, 4243 (K) (similar to Madagascar plant but lacks bristles). TANGANYIKA: Arusha, 4000 ft., Haarer no. 972 (K) (achene identical with Sieber no. 19; culms sharply 3-angled at apex); papyrus swamp, Kiagwe, Lake Victoria, 3700 ft., Eggeling no. 502 (К); Pemba, Vaughan по. 681 (К). Angora: Benguella, country of the Ganguellas, Grosweiler no. 2767 (K) (culms shining; scales light brown to rose- color, with green center; no bristles). SIERRA LEONE: Mowoto, Deighton no. 1687 (K) (specimen young and questionable).
т. E. LAXIFLORA (Thwaites) H. Pfeiffer [pL. 537, FIG. 3; МАР 15], Mitt. Inst. Bot. Hamburg vii. 169 (1928). E. variegata var. laxiflora (Thwaites) C. B. Clarke; Svenson, Кнорока xxxi. 156 (1929). (?) К. Graeffiana Boeckl. Flora lviii. 108 (1875).—Inpt1a: Silhet, Hooker & Thomson (К); Tenasserim & Andamans, hb. Helfer no. 6220/1 (К); Malay Peninsula, Griffith no. 6229 (К); Singapore, Hullett in 1893 (K); Ridley no. 5799 (K); Penang Botanic Gardens no. 4543 (K); Malacca, Lemann in 1845 (К); Ceylon, hb. Macrae (K). Java: Zollinger nos. 266 (К), 291 (Paris, TYPE of Е. ochrostachys Steud.). BORNEO: Banjarmasing, Motley no. 1266 (K); Sarawak, Beccari nos. 6 (K) & 3720 (K); J. & S. Clemens no. 20825 (NY); Kuching, Ridley no. 12347 (К). РнилррІХЕ IstANps: Tanculan, Mindanao, Bureau of Science no. 26129 (NY). Sumatra: Bila, Toroes no. 3027 (NY). Fun Is- LANDS: Capt. Wilkes (К) (as E. Graeffeana). CAROLINE ISLANDS: Ponape, Kanehira nos. 679 (NY), and 1515 (NY); Ledermann no. 13657 (К); Yap, Kanehira no. 1152 (NY). SoLoMoN IsLANDS: chiefly New Georgia, H. М. S. Penguin," 1894-5 (К). The type of E. Graeffeana came from Opolu, Samoa.
8. E. nupa C. B. Clarke [Pr. 538, ric. 4; МАР 12], Kew Bull. Add. Ser. viii. 21 (1908) and Ill. Сур. t. xxxv. figs. 8-11 (1909). К. philip- pinensis Svenson, Кнорока xxxi. 155 (1929).—CntNa: Hainan, hb.
1939] Svenson,—Monographic Studies in the Genus Eleocharis 9
Canton Christian College no. 7793 (NY). AvusrRALIA: Buderim, More- ton Dist., Queensland, S. T. Blake no. 5227 (B); Cairns, Cook Dist., Queensland, Blake nos. 9360 (B) & 9361 (B); Virginia, Brisbane, Blake по. 1421 (B); between Norman and Gilbert River, Gulliver (K, TYPE).
In this species, as in most others of Eleocharis, presence or absence of bristles and direction of teeth are of little importance.
9. E. cALOCARPA Chermezon [Pr. 537, FIG. 8; МАР 16]. Perennial, culms 3.5-7.5 dm. high, 2-2.5 mm. wide, rigid, quadrangular: spike- lets cylindric, subacute, 20-35 cm. long, 3.5 mm. wide: scales lax, 4 mm. long, ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, stramineous-fuscous, sometimes with a reddish margin, striate, convex: stamens 3: style 3-fid: achene biconvex, obovoid, 2 mm. long, orange, with about 12 rows of hori- zontally-elongated, strongly inflated cells: style-base dark brown, conic, flattened, 0.5 mm. long; p light brown, surpassing the achene.—Arch. de Bot. Caen iv. no. 7: 41 (1931). AFRICA: Mangapou [6° N. 23° Е.], Haut Oubangui, F Testu no. 3162; King’s Lake, Kampala, Uganda, 3900 ft., Hancock & Chandler no. 21 (K, B) (det. Chermezon).
var. NUDA Chermezon (l. c.). Differs from the type in lack of bristles, and smaller (1.5 mm. long), pale yellow achenes.—Moroubas, Haut Oubangui, Tisserant no. 1186; Masaka District, 3800 ft., Uganda, Chandler no. 1393 (К, B) (culms terete).
Е. calocarpa and Е. variegata appear to be very closely related. The achenes have the same type of inflated surface cells, approached no- where else in the genus except in the Caribbean Ё. cellulosa. Except for color of achenes, the chief distinction seems to lie in the 4-angled culms of E. calocarpa as compared with the cylindric culms of Æ. variegata. Similar cylindric culms are characteristic of E. cellulosa, but sharply-angled culms are occasional. The absolute specific value of the angled culm is therefore open to question.
10. E. sprratis (Rottb.) R. & S. [мар 17]; Svenson, RHODORA xxxi. 135 (1929). К. compacta R. Br. Prod. 224 (1810). Scirpus compactus Poir. Encyc. Suppl. v. 102 (1817); Spreng. Syst. 1. 203 (1825). Е. austro-caledonica Vieillard, Ann. Sci. i ) Mauritius, Madagascar and the Orient. Mauritius: Bouton no. 3 (К). MADAGASCAR: marais saumátres, baie de Bombetoka,! Perrier de la Bathe no. 2498 (B). CniNa: in water near the sea, Hainan, Liang no. 66592 (NY). Inpa: East Bengal, Griffith no. 6231 (K); in subsalsis uliginosis insulae Salsette, Jacquemont no. 446 (K); Burma, Griffith (K); Bengal, Lehmann in 1845 (K); Bombay, Lisboa (?) (K); Tranquebar, Rottler in 1798 (К); Pondicherry, Meebold no.
1 Professor Chermezon has informed me that this is the only station known in Madagascar and that the plant is perhaps an introduction.
[JANUARY
Rhodora
27
bs
EAD
ГЕ,
тм 0
vs
э
fee : PLI i a E: it t —— — —Á EI ANI, |:
20, FUSCO- SINTENISII;
J ,
OLIVACEA; 19, CAPILLACEA; ScHAFFNERI ; 24 28, FISTULOSA.
,
SELLOWIANA; 22, FLAVESCENS; 28,
Maps 18-28. Map of ErLEocnanis, 18 25, MACULOSA; 26, MINUTA; 27, INTRICATA;
PURPUREA; 21,
1939] Svenson,—Monographic Studies in the Genus Eleocharis — 11
2539 (К); CEvLoN: Thwaites (К). РнилрргхЕ Ips.: Manila, Merrill no. 9788 (NY). New CarEpoNIA: Paucher (К); eaux sumátres, Vieillard no. 1453 (К, corvPE of Е. austro-caledonica). AUSTRALIA: Arnhem, South Bay, А. Brown (К); north coast, Ё. Brown no. 5934 (Br. Mus., TYPE of E. compacta); Gladstone, Queensland, S. 7. Blake no. 12790 (B). The species is also represented in the Willdenow Herbarium, no. 1195, fol. 1, Roestal (without locality).
11. E. rNTERSTINCTA (Vahl) R. & S. [МАР 13]; Svenson, RHODORA xxxi. 130 (1929). Limnochloa obsoleta Nees in Martius, Fl. Bras. iit. 100 (1842). ŒE. obsoleta Steud. Syn. Сур. 81 (1855). Е. cognata Steud. Syn. Cyp. 81 (1855) [Guiana], e. desc. Additional noteworthy citations: Ёт,овїрлА: La Belle, Hendry Co., F. M. Uhler & C. Е. Smith in 1937 (B). Texas: Neuces River, Uvalde Co., E. J. Palmer no. 14518 (B). Вошута: 500 m., Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, Steinbach no. 5216 (G).
12. E. EqUIsETOIDES (Ell.) Torr. [МАР 5]; Svenson, RHODORA xxxi. 131 (1929). Additional citations: New Yonk: Mendon Pond, Monroe Co., Mathews in 1920 (Alb). DELAWARE: near Lewiston, Nuttall (NY). МіснісАХ: White Lake, Kalamazoo Co., Hanes no. 1377 (B); Sand Lake, Jackson Co., J. Wright (NY); Portage Lake, Jackson Co., hb. S. H. Camp no. 11434 (NY). Inptana: Hunter Lake, Elkhart Co., Deam no. 52342 (B); North Twin Lake, Lagrange Co., Deam no. 52436 (B). Wisconsin: Madison (coll. unknown) (G). MississiPPi: Woolmarket, Tracy no. 3224 (NY); Ocean Springs, Tracy no. 91 (NY).
13. E. puLcis (Burm. f.) Trinius [PL. 537, FIG. 6]; Svenson, RHODORA xxxi. 158 (1929). К. equisetina Presl; Svenson, RHopoRA xxxi. 161 (1929). Е. plantaginoides (Retz.) Domin, Bibl. Bot. xx. 445 (1915).
This widespread, cultivated oriental species, the Chinese water- chestnut, has appeared in West Africa (cf. Hutchinson & Dalziel, l. c., as E. plantaginea). Photographs of Presl’s type of E. equisetina, which Dr. Malkovsky has most kindly sent me from the National Museum of Praha, show that it is a slender phase of E. dulcis. А specimen from the vicinity of Daru Island, British New Guinea, Brass no. 6064 (NY) has the robust character of E. sphacelata, associated with achenes typical of E. dulcis. Possibly it represents a transition between the two species.
14. E. sPHACELATA К. Br.; Svenson, Ruopona xxxi. 160 (1929).
15. E. Коввіхѕп Oakes [Map 3]; Svenson, RHopora xxxi. 154 (1929).
Specimens possibly from the TYPE collection, labelled “ White Mts. of N. Hampshire, cl. Oakes legit" are at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, originating from the herbarium of C. F. Austin. The northernmost collection of £. Robbinsii seems to be W. R. Watson's no. 442 (Can) from the Timagami Forest Reserve, Ontario.
12 Rhodora [JANUARY
MvrATAE: KEY TO THE SLENDER SOUTH AMERICAN SPECIES Achenes trigonous; 1-1.5 mm. long (including style-base). . . .. ... E. elongata. Achenes biconvex; 2-4 mm. long (including style-base) Achene constricted into a neck below style-base
Style-base trilobed. ........ ee n E. mitrata. Style-base not trilobed . ... lees E. Jelskiana. Achene not constricted... iie esee E. plicarhachis.
16. E. ELoNGATA Chapman [pr. 537, ria. 2; МАР 14]; Svenson, Ruopona xxxi. 155 (1929).—F. elongata has the smallest achenes in the group, the body being only 1.0-1.2 mm. long. Further citations: FLORIDA: Appalachicola, Chapman (NY). ALaBAMA: Point Clear, Mohr in 1866 (NY). Here belong also two specimens from BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro, Glaziou nos. 9338 & 6430 (K), as Е. elata.
On No. 9338 Clarke has commented “a startling plant to me. The nut nearly as that of acicularis.”
Also at Kew there is a collection from Sao Paulo (Usteri no. 24c) labeled as E. elata. It resembles E. Robbinsii, but has almost cylindric culms and spreading scales. The achene-body is 3 mm. long with about 20 rows of indistinct markings on each face (much as in £. elongata), constricted above as in E. Sagotii, with a dark brown style- base 1 mm. long, and bristles exceeding the achene. Judging from description, it is probably E. prastriensts Boeckl. (cf. Svenson, Ruopora xxxi. 162 (1929)).
17. E. MmrrRATA (Griseb.) C. B. Clarke [Pr. 537, FIG. 5; МАР 8]. Scirpus mitratus Grisebach, Fl. Br. W. I. 570 (1864).— TniNIDAD: Savana Tiareo, July 2, 1848, Crueger (corypr, К). San DOMINGO: Sabana de la Mar, Cordillera Central, Ekman no. 15611 (S). FRENCH Guiana: Cayenne, Jelski (Berlin, in part). Bmazir: vic. Barra [Мапаоз], prov. Rio Negro, Dec.-Mar. 1850-51, Spruce (К); Campo de Jauauarí, Jan. 1851, Spruce no. 1289 (K).
Е. mitrata, close to E. plicarhachis in appearance, has larger spike- lets with obtuse thickened scales, and achenes 2.0 mm. long, including the blunt, usually tricuspidate, style-base which is 0.5 mm. long.
18. E. ЈЕІѕКІАХА Boeckl. Linnaea xxxviii. 376 (1874) [Mar 7]. Е. Sagotii C. B. Clarke, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. viii. 20 (1908); Uittien in Pulle, Fl. Surinam i. 111 (1934).—FRENcH САХА: Cayenne, Jelski (Berlin, сотүрЕ of E. Jelskiana); Cayenne, Sagot no. 1390 (K, TYPE of E. Sagotii). CoroMBrA: Polonia, Santander, 100 m., Killip & Smith по. 14914 (NY). Рево: Tarapoto, Spruce по. 4284 (К, TYPE of E. Perwviana!) and no. 4282 (К, NY).
The collection of E. Jelskiana at Berlin is mixed with E. mitrata, but from Boeckeler’s description, the elements are separable. K. ! Kew Bull. Add. Ser. viii. 105 (1908) (nomen).
1939] Svenson,—Monographic Studies in the Genus Eleocharis 13
Jelskiana has cylindric slender culms (0.5-1.0 mm. wide), narrow spikelets not exceeding 2.5 mm. wide, and green appressed linear scales with darkened margins. The dull black achene (2 mm. long) has about 12 rows of poorly-defined hexagonal cells, the apex con- stricted below the conical style-base. The type of Е. Sagotii is similar, except that the achenes are immature and yellowish.
19. E. PLICARHACHIS (Griseb.) Svenson [pL. 537, FIG. 1; МАР 9]; Кнорока xxxi. 158 (1929). Е. elata Boeckl. Е. Sagotii var. glochidi- ata C. B. Clarke, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. viii. 21 (1908).—Cusa: Pinar del Rio, C. Wright no. 3372 (NY); Mordazo, Santa Clara, León & Cazanes no. 5980 (NY). Mexico: Tabasco, Rovirosa no. 438 (NY). Panama: Frijoles (Canal Zone), Svenson no. 433 (B). BRITISH Guiana: Jenman по. 6111 (К (түре of E. Sagotii var. glochidiata), NY); Moruka River, Pomeroon Distr., De La Cruz no. 993 (NY); Wanama River, Northwest Distr., De La Cruz no. 4003 (NY). VENE- ZUELA: Maracaibo, Merkel (Cop, түре of E. elata). СогомвгА: Puerto Berrio, Dept. Antioquia, Pennell nos. 3727 (NY); 3733 (NY). Peru: Yurimaguas, Dept. Loreto, alt. 125 m., Killip & Smith no. 27962 (NY, US). Braz: Fazenda de Sta. Cruz, Glaziou 9338 (Paris, as E. variegata). PARAGUAY: Ipacaray, Hassler no. 12570 (G, K).
The type of E. elata consists of two very old sheets from Horne- mann's herbarium, collected in Maracaibo. They show no indication of Brazilian origin.
Series 2: PAUCIFLORAE [For nos. 20-24 see index to species, and RHODORA xxxvi. 377-389 (1934)].
25. E. MELANOMPHALA C. B. Clarke [PL. 539, ric. 4]. Perennial with a lignescent base; culms inflated and spongy, 10-16 cm. long, 1 mm. wide; sheaths loose, stramineous, purplish at the base and at the obtuse oblique apex: spikelets ovoid, 5-6 mm. long, loosely 5-10- flowered: scales lustrous brown, obtuse to subacute, the lowermost with a broad greenish keel: stamens 3, anthers 1.5 mm. long: style 3-fid: achene broadly ovoid, 2.0 mm. high, 1.5 mm. wide, bluntly trigonous, stramineous, lustrous, with minute quadrangular-to- hexagonal reticulation: style-base small, black, short-pyramidal, not constricted at the base: bristles dark brown, half as long as the achene or rudimentary.—Engler, Bot. Jahrb. xxx. Beibl. 68: 24 (1901); Barros, Mus. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires xxxiv. 468, fig. 21 (1928); Svenson, Ruopora xxxvi. 383 (1934).
The illustration from the coryPE at the New York Botanical Garden has been added in order to round out the treatment of the
14 Rhodora [JANUARY
Pauciflorac. Е. melanomphala represents the extreme of the Æ. pauciflora complex in South America, being characterized by unusual width of achene, and by the peculiar style-base. Since only a single collection is known, its articulation with E. atacamensis! is obscure.
Series 3: ACICULARES
One way to treat this group is to place everything under E. acicularis, as many recent authors have done. No further discrimination is then required. Personally, I feel that the name E. acicularis should be restricted to slender plants of holarctic distribution, and that the plants of Mexico and the southern hemisphere (except for some obvi- ously introduced examples in Australia) do not belong under F. acicularis. The dwarf alpine plants of the Andes and Mexico have been the greatest source of trouble, but after a considerable amount of boiling and dissecting, a fairly satisfactory conclusion has been reached, although I do not yet understand where E. bonariensis begins either in South America or in Mexico. The high Andean material (E. exigua), as Kunth observed in 1837, has two stamens instead of three (cf. pl. 539, fig. 9c) with anthers much reduced in size; the bristles when present are coarser than in £F. acicularis. These char- acters hold well in the material which I have examined, to which may be added the fact that the Andean material has a totally different appearance than the European. E. radicans (E. Lindheimeri), Е. cancellata, and E. bella also have consistently two stamens; other species of the Aciculares (perhaps excepting E. brachycarpa which I have not recently examined) have three. In the accompanying map of the Aciculares (MAP 1), the limits of distribution in Eurasia (Е. acicularis) have been worked out from various floras. It is probable that Æ. acicularis does not occur throughout the interior of the Scandinavian peninsula. Also, despite reports, the group is probably absent through much of Patagonia. The link which I have shown connecting Colombia and Mexico is generalized, and represented by only one or two collections.
26. E. extGUA (НВК) К. & S. [Pr. 539, rias. 5, 9с]. Mar 54. Dwarf plants with extensive filiform creeping rootstocks; culms 2-10 сш. high, capillary, frequently rigid and recurved, variously-angled: sheaths scarious, often dilated or emarginate at the apex: spikelets 2-3 mm. long. ovate to linear, 3-8 flowered: scales obtuse or acute, obri-
1 Treated by me under E. pauciflora (l. c.), of which it forms a fairly well-marked variety.
1939] Svenson,—Monographic Studies in the Genus Eleocharis 15
ously striate, green, sometimes with broad purple margins: stamens 2; anthers 0.5 mm. long, constricted at apex: achenes 1 mm. long, oblong- obovate, yellowish-green, obscurely trigonous with the intermediate longitudinal ribs frequently elevated, about 40-trabeculate in each longitudinal series: style-base usually acute: bristles 2, white, often absent.—Syst. ii. 154 (1817). Scirpus exiguus HBK. Nov. Gen. et Sp. i. 225 (1816). К. costulata sensu Svenson, RHODORA xxxi. 204, not Nees & Meyen. E. rivularis Phil. Linnaea xxxiii. 270 (1864-65); Boeck. Linnaea xxxvi. 427 (1869—70).—СогомвгА: in monte Quindiu [Central Cordillera, 5? N.] (Berlin, TYPE of Scirpus exiguus) ; Bogota, Lindig no. 1425 (К); Bogota, “alt. 2650, Nov. 1855," Triana no. 430 (K, US). Ecuapor: Mt. Chimborazo, 2680 m., André no. 4272 (K); Huigra, Prov. Chimborazo, 1200 m., A. S. Hitchcock no. 20352 (NY) and Rose no. 22415 (NY); Quito, Jameson (K) and Spruce no. 5206 (К); Riobamba, Mille no. 338 (NY). Botrvia: Comarapa, Dept. Cochabamba, Steinbach no. 8521 (NY). Сни: Cuming (К); Val- paraiso, Jaffuel no. 759 (С); Conception, Јаўие no. 2955 (G).
The type of Scirpus exiguus (hb. Willdenow no. 1168) is a poor and sprawling specimen with flaccid culms, 5-6-flowered spikelets (3 mm. long) with divergent purplish-banded scales, and rather broad achenes with short conical style-base. Jaffuel's specimens from Chile, with black spikelets and two stamens with anthers 0.5-0.7 mm. long, conform to the description of E. rivularis. Philippi's type of E. rivularis came from the Aconagua River near S. Rafael.
27. E. RADICANS (Poir.) Kunth, Enum. ii. 142 (1837) [rr. 539, ria. 9a; MAP 61]. Scirpus radicans Poir. Encyc. vi. 751 (1804). Eleogiton radicans A. Dietrich, Sp. Pl. ii. 97 (1833). Eleocharis costulata Nees & Meyen ex Kunth, Enum. ii. 142 (1837); (?) Desvaux in C. Gay, Fl. Chil. vi. 172 (1853), not Svenson, Ruopora xxxi. 204 (1929). Chacto- cyperus costulatus Nees & Meyen (1842); (Кнорона, l. с.). E. Lind- heimeri (Clarke) Svenson, Ruopona xxxi. 199 (1929).—Ponro Rico: Ledru (түРЕ not seen). Harti: Furcy, 1300 m., Leonard no. 4812 (NY). Santo DowrNao: Cordillera Central (2500 m.), Ekman nos. 14130 (S) & 13650 (S); Sierra de Ocoa, Ekman no. 11936 (S); Santiago, Ekman no. 16534 (S). Peru: Dombey in 1829 (Berlin). Сни: Cordillera de St. Fernando, Meyen in 1831 (түре of Ch. costulatus), dwarf plants 3 cm. high (Berlin); Valdivia, Philippi (K); Valparaiso, А. Pirion no. 757 (in part) (С). ARGENTINA: Sierra Achala, Cordoba, Hieronymus no. 642 (Berlin, К) (a large form with culms to 10 cm.; no bristles); Tucuman, Hieronymus & Lorentz no. 1074 (Berlin); Catamarca, H. & L. nos. 434, 474 (Berlin); Tucuman, Dept. Alta Cruz, Venturi no. 2283 (US, B) & Dept. Leales, Venturi no. 597 (US, B); Jujuy, Dept. San Pedro, Venturi no. 9643 (NY); Posados, Misiones, Ekman no. 1244 (NY). Uruauay: Dept. Canelones, Osten no. 21635 (B); Montevideo, in paludosis dunarum, Osten no.
16 Rhodora [JANUARY
22515 (B) (dwarf rigid form, issued as К. acicularis var. lilliputiana) ; Bafiados, Lorentz no. 453 (К, as E. retroflexa).
E. radicans is the only member of the Acicwares known from the West Indies, and there only in Porto Rico and Haiti. In North America it is sporadic (see Professor Fernald's map in RHODORA xxxix. 483 (1937)); but in Argentina apparently not uncommon, though until recently I had seen no specimens. The stamens are 0.3-0.5 mm. long and sometimes mucronate as in Desvaux's illustration, which is perhaps correctly referred to C. radicans by Clarke (Engler, Bot. Jahrb. xxx. Beibl. 68: 22 (1901)). The bristles are often short or entirely lacking.
28. E. BONARIENSIS Nees in Hook. Journ. Bot. ii. 398 (1840) [MAP 59]; Svenson, RHopoma xxxi. 202 (1929). Chaetocyperus bo- nariensis Nees in Martius, Fl. Bras. iit. 96 (1842). C. obtusatus Nees (1. c.) p. 94; Steud. Syn. Сур. 73 (1855). E. aciculariformis Greenman, Proc. Am. Acad. xxxiv. 566 (1899); Svenson, Кнорока xxxi. 202 (1929). E. acicularis subsp. bonariensis Osten, Anales Mus. Hist. Nat. Montevideo, ser. 2a, iii. 173 (1936).
The European E. acicularis (cf. PL. 539, FIG. 1) has, in general, dwarfed capillary culms, fragile, non-costulate elongate achenes, 1 mm. long, with a small асісшаг style-base. The түрк of Е. bonariensis (hb. Lindley, Cambridge) is a small plant with rather coarse rhizome and purplish scales, but the species varies greatly in size. Tweedie's plant at Kew has filiform culms up to 37 cm. long, and somewhat dis- tichous spikelets with blunt, yellowish-green, slightly erose scales, and with a firm incurved sheath-apex, resembling a quill pen. E. squamata Boeckl. Сур. Nov. ii. 11 (1890) was based on young material (hb. Berlin) collected in Minas Geraes by Schenck. "The numerous culms are only 6 em. high, sheaths somewhat inflated but not mucronate, and scales much as in typical E. tenuis. It is possibly a juvenile col- lection of what I have called E. squamigera, but does not belong with E. bonariensis (cf. Barros, op. cit. p. 450). The type collection of Ch. obtusatus (Berlin, hb. Nees no. 1722) is an immature, dwarf (7 ст. high) specimen of Е. bonariensis, with fan-shaped obtuse lower scales.
Е. striatula Desv. has been included by Clarke under £F. bonariensis (Engler, Bot. Jahrb. xxx. Beibl. 68: 22 (1901)) and this treatment is substantiated by Gay's illustration and Desvaux's specimens at Paris and at Kew. The spikelets are approximately 15-flowered, with brown-rimmed, obtuse scales; the achenes measure slightly over 1.0 mm. long, with blunt enlarged tubercles. In large Mexican specimens of the Aciculares, the scarious character of sheaths is inconstant.
1939] Svenson,—Monographic Studies in the Genus Eleocharis 17
E. aciculariformis should be treated as a synonym of E. BONARIEN- 518, with the additional Mexican citations: Durango, E. Palmer no. 386 in 1896 (NY); Valle de Mexico, Schaffner no. 21 (NY) (as E. striatula). Additional citations for E. bonariensis: Braziu: Rio Grande do Sul, Schwarzer in 1899 (S). ARGENTINA: Cordoba, Kurtz no. 6635 (NY) and О. Kuntze no. 36 (NY); also Stuckert nos. 241 (K), 7614 (K); La Cumbre, 1200 m., Barros no. 1743 (B); Chicligasta, Tucuman, Lillo nos. 15542 (B), 15538 (B); Buenos Aires, Barros nos. 124 (B), 226 (B); Palermo, Capital Federal, Barros nos. 58 (B), 631 (B), 640 (B); Salta, O. Kuntze no. 35 (NY). Unvavav: Canelones, Osten no. 20070 (B); Maldonado, locis humidis in dunis, Osten no. 22686 (B); Carrasco, Montevideo, Osten no. 22304 (B); San José, Osten по. 22715 (B). Paraguay: Rica, Joergensen no. 3581 (US, B); Asuncion, Morong no. 87 (NY). Caie: Rancagua, Bertero no. 613 (NY); Talcahuano, Conception, Skottsberg no. 1167 (NY).
29. E. STENOCARPA Svenson [MAP 56], Кнорона xxxi. 205 (1929).— Additional citations: VENEZUELA: San Rafael, Mérida, Pittier nos. 12895 (NY) & 13218 (NY). Согомвіл: Paramo de Romeral, San- tander, 3800-4100 m., Killip & Smith no. 18520 (NY).
30. E. NERvATA Svenson [MAP 60], RuopoRa xxxi. 204 (1929). Chaetocyperus radicans Steud. Syn. Сур. 74 (1855). Heleocharis radicans (Steud.) Hemsley, Biol. Cent.-Am. Bot. iii. 456 (1885), not К. & S. H. acicularis Hemsley, (op. cit.) iii. 454 (1885) (partim). Previous citations from Ecuador should be excluded and the following added: Mexico: Oaxaca, 8-9000 ft., Galeotti по. 5748 (К, COTYPE of Ch. radicans); in summo Monte San Felipe, ubi glacier apotheca, Oaxaca, Andrieux no. 49 (K) (NY?); Eugenio, Orizaba, F. Mueller no. 1973 (Sept. 1853) (NY); Mueller (sine loc.) no. 1975 (NY). GUATEMALA: Santa Elena, Chimaltenango, 2400-2700 m., Skutch no. 429 (NY, US). Boeckeler's specimen of E. triflora at Berlin is Е. nervata; the TYPE at Copenhagen is E. parvula var. anachaeta.
The small alpine Mexican plants passing as Е. acicularis have three stamens with anthers rather consistently 0.7 mm. long. Very likely a transition occurs between the smaller plants of E. aciculariformis and the type of Е. nervata (similar to Skutch’s collection), thence to dwarf, capillary material such as the type of Chactocyperus radicans, with achenes often only 1.0 mm. long. C. radicans was described quite independently of Eleocharis radicans (НВК) К. & S.
31. E. BRACHYCARPA Svenson, RHODORA xxxi. 200 (1929).
32. E. CANCELLATA S. Wats.; Svenson, Ruopona xxxi. 200 (1929).
It is not certain that the Mexican Boundary Survey actually col- lected this species in New Mexico, since they also visited Sonora, from which there is a collection June, 1851, Thurber (NY).
33. E. BELLA (Piper) Svenson [МАР 53], Ruopona xxxi. 201 (1929).
18 Rhodora [JANUARY
Additional citations: WASHINGTON: Klickitat Co., Suksdorf no. 588 (NY). Овквох: Crow Creek, Wallowa Co., alt. 4425 ft, Е. P. Sheldon no. 8506 (NY). Nervapa: Truckee River bottom, Glendale, Hillman in 1894 (NY). Catirornra: Moulton, Warner Mts. [Modoc Co.], Griffiths & Hunter no. 478 (NY); near Calaveras Big Trees, Dudley in 1906 (NY); Mt. Shasta, H. E. Brown no. 543 (NY); Jones- ville, Butte Co., Copeland no. 344a (NY). Montana: Lola Hot Springs, J. E. Kirkwood no. 1548 (hb. Oberlin Coll.), a noteworthy range extension.
34. E. Revercuonn Svenson [Map 57], Ruopona xxxi. 203 (1929). —Additional citations: Texas: San Diego, Nealley in 1893 (NY); *Hogbed prairie," C. Wright no. 512 (NY); prairie near Indianola [Port Lavaca], Ravenel no. 96, May 3, 1869 (NY); San Antonio, C. R. Ball no. 947 (NY); Valley of the Lower Rio Grande, Buckley (NY).
Examination of better material shows that mature achenes average 0.7 mm. long and the three stamens have anthers 0.7-1.0 mm. long. The style-base is blunt and rounded. Nealley’s collection is perhaps most representative of the species, having a long rhizome with isolated tufts of culms which are 2-6 cm. high; therefore much shorter than the elongated form originally described.
35. E. Worfu A. Gray [MAP 58]; Svenson, RHODORA xxxi. 201 (1929).—Added citations: New York: Train's meadow swamp, Woodford, Long Island, Ferguson in 1927 (NY) (station now de- stroyed). TENNESSEE: French Broad River, Buckley (NY). Loutst- ANA: Jackson, East Feliciana, Carpenter in 1837 (NY) (cited as Æ. compressa). CoroRaADo: Black Forest, El Paso Co., J. H. Christ no. 1029 (Cornell). AsstnaBota: Crane Lake, Macoun no. 7548 (NY).
36. Е. ^cicuLAnRIS (L.) R. & S. [PL. 539, Frcs. 1, 9b; mar 55]; Svenson, Ruopona4 xxxi. 184 (1929). (?) Scirpus yokoscensis Fr. & Savat. Enum. Pl. Jap. ii. 543 (1879). К. comosa C. Richt. Pl. Europ. i. 143 (1890).—Additional citations (showing limits of known range in America): GREENLAND: 687-72? N., cf. Porsild, Meddel. Groenl. Ва. 93, no. 3: 33 (1935). LABRADOR: Nascaupee River, Hamilton Inlet, cf. Wetmore, Ёнорока xxv. 5 (1923). Onrario: James Bay, Macoun in 1904 (NY); Moose Factory, James Bay, Spreadborough no. 62669 (Can); Timagami Forest Reserve, W. R. Watson nos. 370 (Can), 455 (Сап). МАМІТОВА: Rapid City, Macoun no. 16359 (Can). ALBERTA: Forestburg, E. H. Moss no. 1452 (Kew); Crows Nest Pass, Rocky Mts., Macoun no. 23174 (Can). SaskATCHEWAN: Cumber- land House, Richardson (NY). OKLAHOMA: Coal Creek Camp [Le Flore Co.], Bigelow in 1853 (NY). Araska: Fairbanks, J. P. Ander- son no. 1495 (NY); Bonanza Creek, Yukon, Macoun in 1902 (NY). Fioripa: Lake Jackson [Tallahassee Co.], Spury no. 544 (US). NonrH Carouina: Raleigh, Blomquist no. 5556 (Duke); Yadkin River, Davidson County, Blomquist no. 5557 (Duke). Grorata: Princeton,
Rhodora
Plate 538
акс -
=
SS
= fe Эш.
|
RAR —— SS POD La
=
2
=
se
Sion
=
T
=F,
fa FA
i | NIE, fade RS LX 08!
ELEOcHARIS (habit X 15, spikelets X 2, achenes X 10). Ес. 1, E. PALLENS.
E. ACUTA. BRASSII.
Ес. 3, E. PLANA.
Fic. 4, E. хора.
Fia. 2, Fic. 5, E. DigrRICHIANA. Ес. 6, Е.
Rhodora Plate 539
mare H penoy
KLEOCHARIS (habit X 14, spikelets X 214, achenes X 20). Ес. 1, E. ACICULARIS. Fia. 2, E. PusiLLA. Fic. 3, E. ACICULARIS var. OCCIDENTALIS. Fic. 4, E. MELANOM- PHALA. Ес. 5, E. exigua. Ес. 6, E. urmosa. Ес. 7, E. ACICULARIS var. GRACILESCENS.
Fia. 8, E. Baroni. Fic. 9, Flowering stage of: a) E. RApICANS, b) E. AciCULARIS, c) E.
EXIGUA.
1939] Chapman,—Some Algal Complexities 19
Clarke Co., Harper in 1897 (B). Kentucky: Hodgenville, Svenson no. 4410 (B).
E. ACICULARIS var. GRACILESCENS Svenson, RHODORA xxxi. 191 (1929) [pL. 539, rra. 7]. Isolepis longifolia Steud. Syn. Сур. 90 (1855).
The ТҮРЕ of Т. longifolia (Paris) is a specimen collected at St. Louis by Kampmann [?] (hb. Riehl no. 349). As seen in middle Tennessee, where it occupies shallow ponds in competition with E. quadrangulata, the variety is strikingly different from the ubiquitous E. acicularis of the northern states.— l'ENNEssEE: Pelham, Grundy Co., Svenson 7608 (B); MeMinnville, Warren Co., Svenson no. 7038 (B). About the California citations of var. gracilescens I am not so confident. Further collecting will probably show that they are elongated forms of var. occidentalis.
37. E. PUsILLA К. Br. Prod. 225 (1810) [rr. 539, втв. 2]; Benth. & Mueller, Fl. Austral. vii. 297 (1878). Scirpus pumilio Spreng. Syst. i. 204 (1825).
The ТҮРЕ (В. Brown no. 5931), in the British Museum of Natural History, is a very young specimen of the Aciculares, with hardened semi-bulbous culm-bases, and with the rhizome lacking. The spikelets are 4 mm. long, scales deep brown, anthers 1.5 mm. long. The illus- tration is from S. T. Blake, no. 4943 (B) collected in grassland, Gatton Agricultural College, southeast Queensland.
(To be continued)
SOME ALGAL COMPLEXITIES! V. J. CHAPMAN? `
A. RHIZOCLONIUM ronTUOSUM (Ditiw.) KÜTZ. AND CHAETOMORPHA TORTUOSA KürTz.
Ditiwyn in his British Confervae (1805) described a filamentous green alga which he named Conferva tortuosa. In 1845 and 1849 Kützing described two plants, one founded on Dillwyn's Conferva tortuosa and the other on C. tortuosa J. Ag. non Dill. One of these plants—with filaments 32-35 ш dia.—he referred to Rhizoclonium (1845). The other plant was placed in the genus Chaetomorpha (1849) and the filaments were described as being 46—56 y.
! The American material was collected during the author's tenure of a Henry Fel- lowship at Harvard in 1935—36. * Drosier Research Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, England.
20 Rhodora [JANUARY
Apart from the somewhat regrettable founding of two species with the same specific name in two very closely allied genera Kützing distinguished clearly and adequately that there were two distinct plants. Later authors, however, have often confused the two com- pletely, some recognising only Rhizoclonium tortuosum and including in it the large forms, and others recognising only Chaetomorpha tor- tuosa and including in it the narrow forms.
There is no great difficulty in distinguishing between the extremes of the genera Rhizoclonium and Chaetomorpha. Rhizoclonium ripar- ium with its rhizoidal branches is a completely distinct species from such as Chaetomorpha aerea or Chaetomorpha linum. Both genera, however, possess species which are excessively difficult to demarcate. In particular, there are Rhizoclonium tortuosum and Rhizoclonium implexum, both without any rhizoidal branches and with the same loose-lying habit. Chaetomorpha tortuosa also occurs in loose-lying masses, unbranched, and with cells whose diameter is only very slightly more than that of either Rhizoclonium tortuosum or R. im- plexum. Hence the great confusion in the literature. It may be doubted, indeed, whether there is any real justification for the genus Chaetomorpha. It could be argued that the three almost cosmopolitan species cited above are relics of a common parent stock, and that subsequently this group has evolved along two separate paths, one leading to the extreme Chaetomorpha type, the other to the extreme
€
Rhizoclonium type. If it were not for the existence of these “ über- gang" species the two genera could be completely separated, but as these ‘bridge’ forms exist it may seem preferable in the future to re- gard all these species—both Rhizoclonium and Chactomorpha—as belonging to one genus. А cytological investigation might be expected to throw some light on this problem.
An attempt has been made by the present author to unravel the tangle of synonymy surrounding Rhizoclonium tortuosum and Chaeto- morpha tortuosa, and whenever possible authentic specimens of the early authors have been re-examined.!
RurzocLoNivM ToRTUOSUM (Dillw.) Kütz. Conferva tortuosa Dillw. Brit. Conf. Fasc. 7. London 1805; C. Ag. Syst. Alg. p. 98. Lund 1824. Conferva implexa Нагу. Phyc. Brit. Tab. 54B. 1846. Rhizoclonium tortuosum Kütz. Phyc. Germ. p. 205. Nordhausen 1845; Spec. Alg. p.
1 Т am grateful to Professor Н. Н. Dixon of Trinity College, Dublin, and Mr. Tandy
of the British Museum for facilities in this connection, and to the latter, in addition, for helpful criticism in technical details.
1939] Chapman,—Some Algal Complexities 21
384. Leipzig 1849; Tab. Phyc. Vol. 3. T. 68. i. 1853; Le Jol. Alg. Mar. Cher. p. 58. Paris 1880; Hauck, Meeresalg. in Rabenhorst's Krypt. Flora. p. 443. Leipzig 1885; De Toni, Syll. Alg. Vol. 1 p. 280. Patavii 1889. Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum var tortuosum Stockm., Über die Algengattung Rhizoclonium. Verh. К. К. Zool. Bot. Gesell. in Wien. Vol. 40, p. 583. 1890; West, Alg. Vol. 1 p. 268. Cambridge 1916.
ExsiccATAE: Conferva implexa Wyatt. Alg. Dan. No. 142. Rhizo- clonium riparium var. validum Nord et Witt. No. 624. Rhizoclonium rigidum Nord et Witt. No. 626 pro parte.
It is probable that Rhizoclonium tortuosum Kütz. in Phyc. Germ. includes R. implexum because in the two subsequent works Kützing separated off the latter as a new species.
One difficulty about this species is that most American Phycolo- gists have regarded Rhizoclonium tortuosum as being synonymous with Chaetomorpha tortuosa (Farlow 1881; Collins 1909; Setchell and Gardner 1920; Taylor 1937). According to Dillwyn (1805) the type specimen is in Dillwyn’s seventh fascicle, but a search in the Linnean Society’s rooms only produced the first four fascicles. However, there is an authentic Dillwyn specimen in the British Museum and this was examined. The cells ranged from 34-48 u wide with an average width of 40u. Therefore so far as diameter is concerned, it would appear to be intermediate between the usually accepted dimen- sions of Rhizoclonium tortuosum and Chaetomorpha tortuosa. The cells were 1-2 times as long as broad, the chloroplasts were light green, and I think the plant may properly be regarded as Rhizoclonium tortuosum in the sense of Kiitzing. The chloroplasts of Chaetomorpha tortuosa, on the other hand, are usually dark green in colour. Dillwyn rather surprisingly remarks that his plant is closely allied to Conferva capillaris (Chaetomorpha linum) but this is hardly the case.
The usually accepted dimensions of Rhizoclonium tortuosum are 32-35 y. From specimens which have been examined it would appear that the range is much greater, 30-48 џ and the average length of the cells is about 114 times as long as broad. Hauck (1885) gives the diameter as 25-40 р but he probably included in this assemblage Rhizoclonium implecum whose threads are narrower than Rhizoclonium tortuosum. Stockmayer (1890) gives the diameter as 26-40 y. but he certainly included Rhizoclonium implexum because he cites it as one of the synonyms. He further regarded his Rhizoclonium tortuosum as being synonymous with Conferva tortuosa Harv. but not with C. tortuosa Dillw., and also synonymous with Rhizoclonium tortuosum of
22 Rhodora [JANUARY
Farlow, whereas both these should properly be referred to Chaeto- morpha tortuosa. He is, however, correct in giving the Rhizocloniwm tortuosum of Hauck (1885) and Le Jolis (1863) as synonymous. Both Stockmayer and De Toni confused the issue by wrongly ascribing Chaetomorpha tortuosa Kütz. to Conferva tortuosa Dillw. Stockmayer adopted the name Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum Kiitz. for a group of existing species (Rhizoclonium riparium, R. implexum and R. tortuosum and considered each to be a variety of this one species. This is prob- ably his most valuable contribution to the study of the genus.
The Rhizoclonium tortuosum described by Collins (1909), Farlow (1881), Harvey (1846), Setchell and Gardner (1920), and Taylor (1937) is to be taken as Chaetomorpha tortuosa.
Authentic specimens of Conferva tortuosa and Conferva implexa from Harvey’s collection have been examined. The specimens of Conferva tortuosa all belong without doubt to the genus Chaetomorpha.
Setchell and Gardner were correct in making the above assumption but hardly correct in assuming Conferva tortuosa Harv. to be synony- mous with Dillwyn’s Conferva tortuosa. It is to be noted that the cells are by no means barrel-shaped as they should be for a true Chactomorpha—and they are not even drawn so in Harvey's Plate (54A). The cell diameters ranged from 40-80 и.
Harvey's Conferva implexa is a little more puzzling. His descrip- tion is clearly that of Rhizoclonium tortuosum but the plate (54B) shows the barrel-shaped cells of a Chaetomorpha and one specimen— from Malahide, Co. Dublin—undoubtedly is Chaetomorpha tortuosa (cells 60-68 u dia.), although in his description he gives the diameter of the species as two thirds that of Chaetomorpha tortuosa (e.g. two thirds of 60 u = 40 u). The other specimens of Harvey under C. implexa were referable to А. tortuosum. It may be suggested that Harvey was perhaps not quite clear about these two species, but he did realise that there were two and he described them correctly even though one of his specimens was misnamed. Conferva implexa Harv. from his description and other specimens must be taken as synony- mous with Rhizoclonium tortuosum (Dillw.) Kütz. Many of Harvey’s synonyms for Conferva implexa probably refer to forms which are now regarded as Rhizoclonium implexum.
Rhizoclonium tortuosum in Rabenhorst (1885) is correctly so named by Hauck but the synonyms are doubtful because they are copied from Harvey. The reference to Harvey’s plate (54A) is misleading,
1939] Chapman,—Some Algal Complexities 23 p g p
since, as shewn above, this depicts Chaetomorpha tortuosa. The diameter of the threads is given as 26-40 ш and this must signify the inclusion of Rhizoclonium implexum. I have examined a specimen of Conferva. implexa from Wyatt's Alg. Dan. and it is undoubtedly Rhizoclonium tortuosum with threads 35-45 y. dia. А plant labelled Chaetomorpha tortuosa (from Jersey) in Herb. J. Gay is also Rhizo- clonium tortuosum (threads 32-40 y diam.). The walls only exhibited thickening at the septa and this appears to be characteristic of the species. When Rhizoclonium riparium var. validum Nord. et Witt. no. 624 was examined the threads were found to be 28-40 џ wide, average width 32 u which places the specimen as Rhizoclonium tortuo- sum. R. rigidum Nord. et Witt. No. 626 appears to be a mixture of two plants in one of which the threads are 32-40 џ and hence this part of the specimen must be regarded as R. tortuosum.
CHAETOMORPHA CAPILLARIS (Kütz.) Bórg. [Conferva tortuosa J. Ag. Alg. Med. et Adr. p. 12. Paris 1842. non Dillw.; Harv. Phyc. Brit. Т. 54A. 1846; Harv. Ner. Bor. Amer. Part III. Smithson. Contr. Knowl. Vol. xi. p. 88. T. 46 B. 1858]. Rhizoclonium capillare Kütz. Diagnosen und Bemerkungen zu Neuen oder Kritischen Algen. Bot. Zeit. vol. 5. p. 166. 1847. [Chaetomorpha tortuosa Kütz. Spec. Alg. p. 376. Leipzig 1849; Tab. Phyc. Vol. 3. T. 51.2. 1853; Hauck, Meeresalg. in Rabenh. Krypt. Flora. p. 439. Leipzig 1885; De Toni, Syll. Alg. Vol. 1 p. 266. Patavii 1889; Foslie, M. Contrib. to Knowl. Mar. Alg. Norw. p. 142. 'Trómsó 1890; Newton, L. Handb. Brit. Seaw. p. 91. 1931]. Chaeto- morpha Callithrix Kütz. Spec. Alg. p. 376. Leipzig 1849; Tab. Phyc. Vol. 3. T. 51. 1. 1853. Chaetomorpha mediterranea Kütz. Spec. Alg. p. 381. Leipzig 1849. Spongopsis mediterranea Kütz. Phyc. Gen. p. 261. Leipzig 1843; Tab. Phyc. Vol. 3. T. 50. 1853. Rhizoclonium tortuosum sensu Farlow, Mar. Alg. New Engl. p. 49. Washing. 1881; Collins, F. S. Green Alg. N. Amer. Tufts Coll. Stud. Vol. 2. p. 328. 1909; Setch. and Gard. Mar. Alg. Pac. N. Amer. Part II. Chlorophyceae. Univ. Calif. Pub. Bot. vol. 8. p. 185. 1920; Taylor, W. R. Mar. Alg. N. E. Coast of America. Univ. Mich. Press. р. 83. 1937. Chaetomorpha capillaris (Kütz.) Bórg. Mar. Alg. Canar. K. Danske. Vidensk. Selsk. Biol. Meddel. p. 45 vol. V. 1925.
Kützing in his description of Chaetomorpha tortuosa (1849) refers only to J. Ag. Alg. Med. et Adr. p. 12. 1842. In this latter work J. Agardh refers his plant to Conferva tortuosa in Ag. Syst. Alg. p. 98., which in its turn is referred to C. tortuosa Dillw. (1805). Kützing how- ever is careful to give only the reference to J. Ag. (1842) and he obviously considered that J. Agardh and C. Agardh were describing two different plants under the same name.
24 Rhodora [JANUARY
Both Foslie (1890) and De Toni (1889) wrongly ascribed Chaeto- morpha tortuosa to Conferva tortuosa Dill.
Chactomorpha capillaris as understood by most authors includes plants of diameter 40-100 y, the average being 60—70 y. Kützing in the original description gave the diameter of the filaments as 46-56 y. The filaments are rigid, slender, much curled and twisted, the cells being one to three times as long as broad. The chloroplast is a bright dark green. The species has thicker, more lamellate walls than Rhizo- clonium tortuosum. Farlow’s (1869) description and synonyms apply to Chaetomorpha tortuosa with one exception; he remarks that branches are few and short, but this is probably the form later described by Holden as f. polyrhizum. Farlow incorrectly describes his plant as synonymous with Conferva implexa Harv. but is correct in making it synonymous with C. tortuosa Harv. Collins (1909) describes a Rhizo- clonium tortuosum but the diameter of the cells is given as 40-70 u which obviously refer it to Chaetomorpha. Collins further remarks that it is synonymous with Conferva tortuosa in Ner. Bor. Amer. He also remarks that his species is not the same as Rhizocloniwm tortuo- sum of Hauck (1885). I have seen and examined Harvey's specimen (Bot. Survey of Maine A 37. Herb. A. Young Jr. 1847) from which the plate and description of C. tortuosa was made and it is undoubted Chactomorpha tortuosa. The cells are 46-64 u, average diameter about 56 u: they are barrel-shaped and 114-3 times as long as broad. I have examined other specimens of Harvey's and they also belong to Chaeto- morpha. Some of these plants, however, have perfectly straight walls and are not barrel-shaped. Reference has already been made to the fact that although the description of Conferva implexa Harv. refers to Rhizoclonium tortuosum yet one specimen from Harvey's collection under this name belongs to Chaetomorpha tortuosa.
I have compared specimens of Chactomorpha tortuosa collected by myself at Carmel Bay with specimens from Рһус. Bor. Amer. col- lected from the same station but distributed as Rhizoclonium tortuo- sum. The two sets agree perfectly, the cells are large, 48-80 y. dia., average 66 р, and 2-6 times as long as broad, average 226-3106 times. The chloroplast is the typical dark green colour. Setchell and Gard- ner describe rhizoids (rare) but I could not find any in either their specimens or mine. It was this feature that presumably induced them to place their plants in the genus Rhizoclonium. This fact only serves to emphasise the nebulosity of the dividing line between Chaeto- morpha and Rhizoclonium.
1939] Chapman,—Some Algal Complexities 25
Hauck (1885) correctly describes Chactomorpha tortuosa as having cells 40-100 y. dia., and 1-2 times as long as broad.
RHIZOCLONIUM IMPLEXUM (Dillw.) Kütz. Conferva implexa Dillw. Brit. Conf. p. 46 T. B. London 1809; C. Ag. Syst. Alg. p. 91 Lund 1824. Rhizoclonium implexum Kütz. Spec. Alg. p. 386. Leipzig 1849; Tab. Phye. Vol. 3. Т. 73. 3. 1853; Batters, List of the Marine Algae of Berwick on Tweed in Hist. Berwicksh. Natur. Club. Vol. 12. p. 230. 1890; Setch. and Gard. Mar. Alg. Pac. N. Amer. Part II, Chlorophy- ceae. Univ. Calif. Pub. Bot. Vol. 8. p. 183. 1920; Newton, L. Handb. Brit. Seaw. p. 93. London 1931. Rhizoclonium rigidum Gobi. Algenfl. Weiss. Meer. p. 85. St. Petersburg 1878; Foslie, M. Contrib. to Knowl. Mar. Alg. Norw. р. 142. Trémsé 1890. Rhizoclonium riparium var. implexum Rosenv. Grön. Haval. p. 915. 1893; Saunders, Т. de A. Mar. Alg. Harrim. Expd. Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien. Vol. 3 p. 414. 1901; Setc. and Gard. Alg. N. W. Amer. Univ. Calif. Pub. Bot. Vol. 1. p. 222. 1903; Collins, F. S. Green Alg. N. Amer. Tufts Coll. Stud. Vol. 2 p. 328. 1909; Taylor, Mar. Alg. N. E. Coast N. Amer. Univ. Mich. Press, p. 82. 1937.
ExsiccATAE: Chaetomorpha tortuosa Wyatt. Alg. Dan. No. 190. Rhizoclonium rigidum Nord. et Witt. No. 626 pro parte.
Both Stockmayer (1890) and De Toni (1889) include this species in Rhizoclonium tortuosum.
So far as can be ascertained, by this species is meant a form very like Rhizoclonium tortuosum: unbranched, free-floating, twisted, en- tangled, but of slightly smaller dimensions. The cells are usually described as 20-30 џ dia. rarely more, and 1144-214 times as long as broad. The descriptions provided in most of the recent literature undoubtedly refer to this species but again the synonymy is difficult to unravel. Newton (1931) describes it as synonymous with Conferva implexa Dillw., Rhizoclonium tortuosum Kütz., and R. rigidum Gobi. No specimen of Dillwyn’s was examined but it must be assumed that Harvey’s Conferva implexa cannot be identical with Dillwyn's C. implexa because Harvey's plant is undoubted Rhizoclonium tortuosum. Dillwyn’s C. implexa must therefore stand although the close simi- larity between the two species is strengthened by a comparison of Dillwyn’s figures of Conferva tortuosa and C. implexa. These are depicted as being of almost the same dimensions and the only differ- ence appears to be in the length of the cells which are somewhat shorter in Conferva implexa. Examination of many specimens sbews that cell-length is a variable, unstable, and unreliable character.
I have collected specimens from Nova Scotia which agree with the description of this plant but differ from it in that very rare septate
26 Rhodora [JANUARY
rhizoidal branches may occur (cf. fig. 1). Rhizoidal branches when they do occur in Rhizoclonium implexum are always said to be aseptate. On the other hand the Nova Scotian plant did not have the abun- dance of branches that is a feature of Rhizoclonium riparium.
Setchell and Gardner have reported А. implexum from the Pacific coast of America. They consider Harvey’s Conferva implexa to be identical with their plants but it is now clear that Conferva implexa Harv. = Rhizoclonium tortuosum (Dillw.) Kütz. They point out that Kützing's Rhizoclonium implexum is given a diameter of 11-12 р which probably relates it rather to Rhizoclonium Kerneri Stockm. They note, too, that their plants agreed with Alg. Dan. No. 142 (Conferva implexa) and No. 190 (Chaetomorpha tortuosa). The former, however, has threads 35-45 u and is Rhizoclonium tortu- osum, whilst the latter has threads 20-27 р. dia. with occasional rhizoids and is true /t?zo- clonium implexum. Foslie (1890) made the
Fig. 1. Septate Rhi- same error with respect to No. 142. R. rigidum ка раа: о оне Nord. et Witt. No. 626 is a mixture of two from Nova Scotia. species. One is referable to R. tortuosum (cf. p.
5) whilst the other plant has threads of 20-24 t. dia. and must therefore be regarded as №. implexum.
B. MARSH FORMS OF FUCUS SPIRALIS AND FUCUS VESICULOSUS
During a study of the algal flora of some New England salt marshes two marsh fucoids were collected which at first sight appeared to be similar but which, on closer inspection, exhibited certain differences. There appear to be only two principal records of marsh fuci in earlier literature. Farlow (1881) gives a poor description of a marsh form which has short fronds and is spirally twisted. This is named Fucus vesiculosus var. spiralis, and was distributed under this name in Phyc. Bor. Amer. by Holden. It cannot be known whether Farlow was describing a new form or whether he really believed it to be synony- mous with Fucus vesiculosus var. spiralis (L.) Ag. This latter, how- ever, has been shewn by Bórgesen! to be identical with Fucus spiralis L. and Fucus Areschougit Kjellm. It is equally clear that the plant
1 Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. Vol. 39. 1909.
1939] Chapman,—Some Algal Complexities 27
Farlow described was not Fucus spiralis L. and therefore it must be concluded that Farlow’s nomenclature is erroneous. I have examined the plant distributed by Holden in Phyc. Вог. Amer. and agree with Sauvageau that it approaches nearest to Fucus spiralis var. lutarius. Taylor (1937)! retains it under the same name that Farlow employed but refers it tentatively to v. volubilis (Hudson) Turner.
In 1915 Johnson and York described a marsh fucoid from Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, which they also named Fucus vesiculosus var. spiralis. They based this determination on the claim that they could get a complete series ranging from the attached plants of Fucus vesiculosus var. spiralis (F. spiralis L.). On the other hand they describe it as occasionally having vesicles, whereas the usual descrip- tions of Fucus spiralis L. (Newton, 1931) indicate that normal vesicles are entirely absent. The presence of vesicles suggests, therefore, that Johnson and York's plant was not derived from F. spiralis L. but from F. vesiculosus.
A number of marsh fucoids are known which are supposed to be derived from Fucus vesiculosus. Two marsh forms, F. spiralis var. nana Kjellm. and F. spiralis var. lutarius (Kütz.) Sauv., have been described and are said to be derived from F. spiralis L. Sauvageau (1908) remarks that he examined a specimen sent from America and he considered it to be var. lutarius and derived from F. spiralis L. In 1936 I collected plants from salt marshes at Scituate, Mass. in the Spartina alterniflora zone which have been compared very carefully with specimens distributed by Sauvageau,? and there seems little doubt that these plants are referable to F. spiralis var. lutarius. The fronds are normally much narrower than any of the large marsh forms of Fucus vesiculosus and there is a complete absence of vesicles. They agree fairly well with Kützing's (1860) figure of F. lutarius.
In the winter of 1935 I collected marsh fucoids from Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, and here I found plants which were broader than those from Scituate and which possessed vesicles, and in one place intergrades could be found up to the normal plants of Fucus vesiculosus which is also present in the area. So far as can be seen, these plants do not differ in any way from the forms described by Baker and Blandford (1912) and named by them Fucus vesiculosus
1 Mar. Alg. №. E. Coast N. Amer. Mich. Univ. 1937. p. 206, * My thanks are due to Mr. Tandy for giving me access to these plants in the British Museum.
28 Rhodora [JANUARY
megecad limicola ecad volubilis. They also stated that the American form is no different from the British.
It now seems clear that there are two distinct marsh fucoids to be found on the coast of New England. Both have been described by earlier authors who have unfortunately misnamed them. А clear statement on the two forms and their synonyms is presented below.
Fucus vESICULOSUS megecad LIMICOLA ecad VOLUBILIS Baker.' “ Fucus vesiculosus var. spiralis” auct. non Farlow. Johnson and York, 1915. Carn. Publ. 212; Collins, Ruopora, 1905. vol. vii; Taylor, Mar. Alg. №. E. Coast №. Amer. Mich. Univ. 1937. Pl. 25-45.
Fucus spiralis maritima minor Hudson, Flor. Angl. 1778. p. 577. [Fucus volubilis] Baker, S. M. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 1912. vol. 40, p. 989. Fucus vesiculosus var. volubilis Turner, Syn. Brit. Fuci. vol. 1, 1802. Fucus spiralis var. volubilis Batters, Journ. Bot. vol. 40, 1902. Fucus axillaris var. spiralis J. G. Ag. Bid. Spets. Alg. in Kong. Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl. vol. vii, 1868. Fucus vesiculosus megecad limicola ecad volubilis. Baker and Blandford, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 1915, p. 352. Collected from marshes in Cold Spring Harbor, L. I.
Fucus SPIRALIS var. LUTARIUS (Kütz.) Sauv. “Fucus vesiculosus var. spiralis” Farlow, Mar. Alg. N. England, 1881, p. 101. Fucus lutarius Kütz. Tab. Phye. Vol. X. 1860, p. 7 and tab. 17. Fucus spiralis var. lutarius Sauv. Bull. Bord. Soc. Scien. d' Arcachon. 1908, pp. 106-160, figs. 16-19.
Probably generally distributed along the marsh coast of New Eng- land and confined to low marsh dominated by Spartina alterniflora.
Carus COLLEGE Cambridge, England
PLANTS OF CENTRAL PENNSYLVANIA ROBERT T. CLAUSEN AND HERBERT A. WAHL
Tur basis for these notes is a trip made by us in early June, 1937, in some of the counties of central Pennsylvania. Report is also included concerning several other collections made in the summer of the same year. In the citation of specimens, our names are abbreviated as: C, В. T. Clausen, and W, Н. A. Wahl. Specimens are deposited in the herbaria of the Bailey Hortorium and the Department of Botany at Cornell University, also in the herbarium of the Pennsylvania State College.
|)" / " = misidentiflcation
1939] Clausen and Wahl,— Plants of Central Pennsylvania 29
IsokrEs Dopakr A. A. Eaton (I. riparia var. canadensis Engelm.). Wipples Dam, 10 miles south of State College, Huntingdon Co., Aug. 20, 1937, W 274.
This is apparently the first record for central Pennsylvania. The specimens possess megaspores with jagged crests and leaves to 30 em. long.
IsokrEs ENGELMANNI A. Br. On muddy shore of stream, Ingleby, Centre Co., June 6, C & W 2535; partially and entirely submerged at edge of pond at Wipples Dam, 10 miles south of State College, Hunt- ingdon Co., Aug. 20, 1937, W 273.
Leaves of these plants attain a length of 30 em. Central Pennsyl- vania records seem lacking.
ASPLENIUM RuTA-MURARIA ssp. cryptolepis (Fernald), n. comb. A. eryptolepis Fernald, Ruopora 30: 41. 1928. Frequent on lime- stone rocks on west side of Spring Creek, Rock, north of Lemont, Centre Co., June 5, C & W 2526.
Review of the evidence presented by Fernald (1928) and of suites of American and European specimens lead to the conclusion that the Old and New World populations of the Rue Spleenwort are very closely related and should not be specifically segregated, since the characters upon which this separation is based seem not fundamental, nor can they be rigidly applied. That the American plant is rare, as stated by Fernald, is by no means borne out by field experience in northwestern New Jersey and parts of Pennsylvania, where it could only be rated as common. Some European specimens have the stipes mostly naked, as is usually the condition in American material. Al- though well developed European plants, particularly from the southern part of the range, are larger than American plants, most are small and of similar size. In our specimens, the stipes measure 1.0-6.0 ст. long and the fronds, 1.5-3.0 cm., with the segments 4—12, coming well within Professor Fernald's measurements for American plants, but some European specimens almost exactly reseumble these. Further, the teeth of our specimens are coarse, but bordered by a cartilaginous rim, as is supposed to be the condition only in Old World specimens. Examination of spores of the two supposed species reveals that, as Prof. Fernald has indicated, there is no difference in size, though there is a difference in the nature of the architecture of the spore-coat. In the European plants, the spores are considerably rough, almost jagged, while in the American plants, they are less coarsely roughened, but this tendency seems not of great systematic value. Since the
30 Rhodora [JANUARY
separation of the two populations must depend finally upon the scales of the rootstock and a tendency in size, it seems best to treat groups thus closely related, but geographically isolated and slightly differ- entiated, as subspecies.
DRYOPTERIS PuEcoPTERIS (L.) C. Chr. Rich wooded slope at Rock View, Leolyn, Tioga Co., June 5, C & W 2518.
Cyperus Нооснтохп Torr. A small colony on barren shaly hill- side at Ingleby, 2 miles east of Coburn, Centre Co., Sept. 11, W.
This seems not to have been previously reported from Pennsylvania.
CAREX PRAIREA Dewey. Decidedly cespitose, forming large tus- socks in rich alluvial boggy meadow, Centre Furnace, about 1 mile sast of State College, Centre Co., June 7, C & W 2448.
Pennsylvania records seem significant, since the state is in the southern part of the range of this species as given by Mackenzie (1931-35).
CAREX INTERIOR L. Н. Bailey. Frequent in rich alluvial boggy meadow, Centre Furnace, about 1 mile east of State College, Centre Co., June 7, C & W 2557.
These plants appear typical, with ovate orbicular perigynia with short beaks. Like C. prairea, with which it occurs in association here, this species seems to reach its southern limits in Pennsylvania."
CAREX ANGUSTIOR Mackenzie, var. gracilenta var. nov., spicis disjunctis et foliis gracillimis et angustissimis, 0.2-1.0 mm. latis. Tyre in Gray Herbarium, coryPEs at Bailey Hortorium and in herbaria of Cornell University and R. T. Clausen;moist woodland along stream at Ingleby, 2 mi. east of Coburn, Centre Co., June 6, C & W 2532. Besides the type, there may also be cited a collection (W) from 10 miles west of State College.
This differs from the typical variety of the species in the more lax and flexuous habit; in the longer inflorescence, 1.5-2.5 cm., with the 2-3 spikes rather remote; and in the very narrow leaves, which are from 0.2-1.0 mm. wide. Intermediate between this variety and typi- cal C. angustior are specimens from a moist meadow 2 miles west of Richford, Tioga Co., №. Y., July 4, 1937, C & S. J. Smith 2631. These plants have the inflorescence 1.5-2 cm. long, with the spikes subre- mote. In the narrowness of the leaves and the slender habit, the col- lection of E. Faxon, no. 9, from Mt. Pleasant, N. H., resembles var. gracilenta, but it differs in having the spikes contiguous.
1 Now reported by Core (Proc. W. Va. Acad. Sci. 11: 36. 1938) from near Huntington, Cabell Co., West Virginia.
1939] — Clausen and Wahl,— Plants of Central Pennsylvania 31
Carex GEYERI Boott. By limestone outcroppings, in dry decidu- ous woods on bluffs and slopes on west side of Spring Creek near west boundary of grounds of State Penitentiary, Rock, north of Lemont, Centre Co., June 5, С & W 2524.
Carex Geyeri grows on the bluffs along the west side of Spring Creek associated with Asplenium Ruta-muraria ssp. cryptolepis, Carex oligo- carpa, and Senecio obovatus, in the shade of Ostrya virginiana, Ulmus fulva, and Acer saccharum. It was first discovered at this station in May, 1932, and has been under observation since that time. The possibility that this might represent an eastern representative of the section Firmiculmes, perhaps specifically distinct from C. Geyeri, has been considered, but all efforts to find satisfactory characters have failed. It was first thought that the Pennsylvania plants were more slender, with narrower leaves and slightly smaller perigynia, but large series of C. Geyeri from western North America indicate that the species there varies somewhat in habit and that the eastern plants come well within this range of variation. Although the habitat in Centre County seems natural and undisturbed, yet one may wonder whether the species is truly native there or has been introduced through the agency of man. We have no evidence to explain this unusual oc- currence.
Carex Woop Dewey. Rich wooded slope by Woodward Cave
Woodward, Centre Co., June 6, О & W 2542.
This is reported only from the western part of Pennsylvania by Mackenzie (1931-35).
CAREX LAXICULMIS var. COPULATA (Bailey) Fernald. Rich wooded slope by Woodward Cave, Woodward, Centre Co., June 6, C & W 2543; also rich woods, Rock View, Leolyn, Tioga Co., June 5, C & W 2512.
Instead of representing an extreme of C. laxiculmis, these collections seem more nearly intermediate between C. digitalis and C. laxiculmis, with the perigynia small, 2.6-2.8 mm. long, with staminate flowers borne at the bases of the fertile spikes, and with the leaves from 4—7 mm. wide.
CAREX LASIOCARPA ssp. lanuginosa (Michx.), n. comb. (C. lanuginosa Michx., Fl. bor. am. 2: 175. 1803. C. lasiocarpa var. lanuginosa (Michx.) Kükenth in Engler, Das Pflanzenreich. 4(20): 748. 1909.) Specimens with the leaves 1.5-3.5 mm. wide and the lowest pistillate spikes slightly peduncled, from rich alluvial boggy meadow, Centre Furnace, about 1 mile east of State College, Centre Co., June 7, C & W 2560.
32 Rhodora | JANUARY
Mackenzie and most other recent American students have main- tained as species, Carex lasiocarpa and С. lanuginosa, basing this segregation largely on leaf-width, but also upon whether or not the lowest pistillate spike is peduncled, as well as on the condition of the beak of the achene. Certain intermediate specimens, as the collection of J. L. Edwards on June 27, 1936, from Succasunna, Morris County, New Jersey, led to a review of the material passing under the two names in the herbaria of Cornell University.
The Edwards plants were received as C. lasiocarpa and the extremes did represent that species, but the series revealed variations in leaf- width from the involute-filiform condition to flat and 2 mm. wide, and from having the lowest pistillate spike sessile or essentially so to pos- sessing a stalk 2 mm. long. Examination of the available general series demonstrated that C. lasiocarpa ssp. typica definitely varies towards ssp. lanuginosa, while plants which have been passing as C. lanuginosa may be divided into two lots on a basis of leaf-width. The narrow-leaved phase (leaves 0.5-3 mm. wide), which seems intermedi- ate between the broad-leaved form (leaves 2-4 mm. wide) and typical C. lasiocarpa (leaves 0.5-1.5(-2) mm. wide), seems to occur largely or almost entirely, in the area where the two so-called species overlap. South of this area, apparently only broad-leaved plants of C. lanugi- nosa occur, while north of it, and in northern Europe and Asia, typical C. lasiocarpa seems to be the only form represented.
Besides the leaf-character mentioned above, Victorin (1935) has employed the shape of the scale as basis for separation. He states that it is acuminate and aristate in C. lanuginosa, while it is acute or shortly aristate in C. lasiocarpa. In material, which on basis of width of leaf should be referred to C. lanuginosa, we found variation in the apex of the scale from acute to long-aristate, while in typical C. lasto- carpa we found the same range of variation. It has been stated by Robinson and Fernald (1908) that C. lanuginosa usually has the lowest spike peduncled, while all the spikes are sessile in C. lastocarpa, but we have found specimens of the latter with the lowest spikes vary- ing from sessile to possessing peduncles 2 ст. long, while specimens of the former may have the lowest spikes sessile or with peduncles from 1-50 mm. long. Other characters, such as length of lowest bract, employed by Mackenzie (1931-35), appear equally unsatisfactory.
Since few specimens from New York or New England are of the extreme broad-leaved form of ssp. lanuginosa, but many are inter-
1939] Clausen and Wahl,—Plants of Central Pennsylvania 33
mediate in character, they must be identified in a rather arbitrary fashion, because they appear slightly more one way than another. In the light of such a situation and in the absence of other good charac- ters, it seems best to treat the broad-leaved race, which in North America is more southern and western than ssp. typica, as a subspecies of the collective species, C. lasiocarpa. The name of Michaux is em- ployed for the broad-leaved race, despite the fact that the type is from the extreme northern limits of the range of this subspecies.
CAREX SCHWEINITZII Dewey. Alluvial boggy meadow, Centre Furnace, about 1 mile east of State College, Centre Co., June COOR W 2559.
The pistillate spikes are 3-7 cm. long, with the lower perigynia rather remote and abortive. The staminate spikes often bear second- ary spikes, sometimes with one pistillate flower at base, while the pistillate spikes are sometimes staminate at the apex. The variation in this material suggests the sort of instability that one might expect to find in a hybrid population. Besides the above collection, C. Schweinitzii has been reported elsewhere in Pennsylvania from Monroe and Susquehanna Counties by Porter (1903) and from Presque Isle, Erie County, by Bright (1925-30), but apparently no specimens from the state were available to Mackenzie.
CAREX FRANKE Kunth. Edge of woods in shaly soil beside path, Woodward Cave, Woodward, Centre Co., July 17, W.
Bright (1925-30) reports this species as being locally abundant in some southwestern counties. This station in Centre County is prob- ably due to accidental introduction by tourists visiting Woodward Cave.
AMELANCHIER HUMILIS Wiegand. Oak barrens southwest of State College, Centre Co., June 6, C & W 2552.
PnuLox ovata L. Oak barrens 10 miles southwest of State College, Centre Co., June 6, C & W 2551.
BAILEY Horrorium, COoRNELL University, Ithaca, New York, and DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE, State College, Pennsylvania.
LITERATURE CITED Bright, J. 1925-30. The genus Carex in Pennsylvania. Trillia IX. p. 1- 33
Fernald, M. L. 1928. The American representatives of Asplenium Ruta- muraria. RHODORA 30: 37-43.
34 Rhodora [JANUARY
Mackenzie, К. К. 1931-35. Cyperaceae, in North American Flora. 18 (pts. 1-7): 1-478.
Porter, T. C. 1903. Carex Schweinitzii, in Flora of Pennsylvania. р. 62.
Robinson, B. L. and M. L. Fernald. 1908. Carex filiformis and C. lanuginosa, in Gray's New Manual of Botany. p. 248.
Victorin, Marie-. 1935. Carex lasiocarpa and C. lanuginosa, in Flore Laurentienne. p. 746.
ON CERTAIN PLANT RECORDS FROM HILLSBORO, NEW HAMPSHIRE
C. A. WEATHERBY AND S. F. BLAKE
Since Mr. A. A. Beetle's recently published list of the vascular flora of the Fox Forest, Hillsboro, New Hampshire,' contains several re- ports of species not otherwise known from the region, it has seemed desirable to examine the specimens in the herbarium of the Forest on which, according to Beetle's preface, his records are based. Through the courtesy of the Director, Dr. Henry I. Baldwin, we have been able to make such an examination. Checking the herbarium against the published list discloses a considerable number of misidentifications. It seems unnecessary to publish a full list of these in RHODORA, since in the great majority of cases the species concerned are unquestionably present or likely to occur in the Fox Forest or its vicinity, although the specimens on which their presence in the list depends are wrongly named. In the interest of accurate phytogeography, however, some of the reports should be corrected, particularly those of calcicolous species not to be expected in the hill country of southern New Hamp- shire. The list of such errors follows. Author citations are given only for names not in current manuals.
Cystopteris bulbifera. Not known in southern New Hampshire. The Fox specimen is Dennstaedtia punctilobula.
Selaginella apoda. "This might occur at Hillsboro, but the specimen is a moss.
Triodia flava (L.) Smyth. Known in southern New Hampshire only from the Merrimac valley. Specimens are a mixture of Agrostis alba and A. tenuis.
Carez diandra. Known in New Hampshire only in Coós County. Specimen is young C. stipata. Mr. Beetle himself made this correction on a duplicate sheet in the herbarium of the New England Botanical Club, but apparently too late to get it into the list.
! Beetle, A. A. Flowering Plants and Ferns of the Fox Research Forest, Hillsboro,
New Hampshire. Caroline A. Fox Research and Demonstration Forest, Bull. no. 9. 40 pp. Concord, N. H., 1938.
1939] Weatherby and Blake,— Plant Records from Hillsboro 35
Carex triceps, var. hirsuta. Not known from New Hampshire. Specimen is C. virescens, var. Swanii.
Eleocharis intermedia. Known in New Hampshire only at a single station in Coós County. Specimen is E. obtusa.
Juncus Dudleyi. Known in New Hampshire only in calcareous areas in Coós County and at Bath and Sumner's Falls in the Connec- ticut valley. Specimen is J. macer 5. Е. Gray (J. tenuis of manuals).
Oxalis corniculata (О. repens 'Thunb.). This record has apparently resulted from an unsuccessful attempt to correct the erroneous nomen- clature of Gray’s Manual, seventh edition. The specimen was orig- inally, and correctly, identified as O. corniculata of the Manual (= 0. europaea Jord., which is also given in Beetle's list). But the addition of the synonym 0. repens Thunb. transfers the record to true 0. corniculata, à southern species known in New England only as a weed in greenhouses and an occasional and temporary escape outside.
Euphorbia humistrata. Known in New England only from reports of its occurrence at St. Johnsbury and Woodstock, Vermont. No specimen was found. The species might, of course, have been intro- duced at Hillsboro; more probably the report rests on E. maculata, which is not included in Beetle's list.
Viola striata. Not known from New England; as pointed out in Conn. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. xiv. 427, the report from Connecticut in Bishop's Catalogue is founded on highly dubious data. The Fox specimen is V. conspersa.
Lonicera oblongifolia. Apparently does not occur in New Hamp- shire. Specimen is X L. bella Zabel, a rather frequent escape from cultivation.
On the other hand, the list and the herbarium contain the following authentic records of considerable local interest.
Arisaema Dracontium. The specimen, collected in Hillsboro, June, 1935, by H. I. Baldwin, constitutes the first record for the species known to us east of the Connecticut valley.
Pycnanthemum incanum. Not in the list, but in the herbarium is a specimen, originally identified as Mentha arvensis var. canadensis, labelled “infrequent in shady clearings, Fox Forest, Aug., 1936. Coll. A. A. Beetle." "There is no material of the species from New Hamp- shire either in the Gray Herbarium or that of the New England Botanical Club. Jesup (Cat. Fl. Pl. Hanover 32 (1891)) reports а single collection of it from Claremont and F. W. Batchelder (Proc. Manchester Inst. iv. pt. 2, 39 (1909)) states that it is *common" about Manchester—a change from the “not common" of his first edition hardly justified by the experience of later collectors in the region. In any case, the species is not common in the hill country and its oc- currence at Hillsboro is worth mention.
Am pelopsis. brevipedunculata Koehne, var. Maximowiczii (Regel) Rehder. If really spontaneous, the occurrence of this east-Asiatic
36 Rhodora [JANUARY
plant at Hillsboro is worthy of record. It is not in the list; the her- barium label refers to it as a “соттоп roadside vine." We fear, however, that this statement refers rather to Vitis Labrusca, as which the specimen was determined, than to the Ampelopsis.
Senecio obovatus. We know of no previous record of this species from New Hampshire, though there are isolated stations for it in northeastern Massachusetts and in southeastern Vermont.
Gray HERBARIUM and UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Volume 40, no. 480, including pages 465—509, plates 581—536, and the title-poge of the volume, was issued 19 December, 1938
JOURNAL OF THE
NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB
Conducted and published for the Club, by MERRITT LYNDON FERNALD, Editor-in-Chief
CHARLES ALFRED WEATHERBY LUDLOW GRISCOM Associate Editors STUART KIMBALL HARRIS
Vol. 41. February, 1939. No. 482.
CONTENTS:
Notes on some Plants collected in the Canadian Eastern Arctic by Dr. Potter in 1937. Nicholas Рош ол ЛЛ ОР ла. 37
Wolffia columbiana in Concord, Massachusetts. R. J. Eaton..... 42
Monographic Studies in the Genus Eleocharis—V. (continued). HIR JSMMHIOM eee ha xe ОНОК E ИЛА оу 43
Plants new to Minnesota. Olga Гаѓеја........................ 78 Arabis viridis var. heterophylla. О. A. Farwell................. 80 Valerianella, a Correction. Sarah C. Руаі..................... 80
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Vol. 41. February, 1939. No. 482.
NOTES ON SOME PLANTS COLLECTED IN THE CANADIAN EASTERN ARCTIC BY DR. POTTER IN 1937
NicHOLAS POLUNIN
Еком Dr. David Potter, Professor of Botany in Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts, there recently came to me at the British Museum a parcel of vascular plants which he had collected in northern- most Labrador and southeastern Baffin Island during the MacMillan Expedition of 1937. Special attention had, at my request, been paid to certain of the "critical" groups, as well as to the collection of all available material of insignificant or ecologically restricted species. Moreover the expedition, although only a short “summer” one, visited some areas which have been little investigated botanically; while, finally, Dr. Potter had the great advantage of considerable previous experience in the North. Hence I had keen expectations with regard to his collection, especially in view of my forthcoming detailed flora of the Canadian Eastern Arctic, in whose southeastern corner all the plants which were sent to me had been gathered.
Nor was I at all disappointed; the specimens were numerous, widely representative and beautifully preserved, although unnamed. Even the very fact that the collection did not contain anything particularly startling or entirely new is gratifying, for it suggests that we have now at last a very fair general knowledge of the pteridophyte and sperma- tophyte flora of the region.
However, the following additions were made to the known flora— in two cases of the entire Canadian Eastern Arctic, in several other cases of Baffin Island and the rest of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, and in the remaining instances of one or the other of the two major
38 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
districts (Northern Labrador and Southern Baffin) which were visited.!
DESCHAMPSIA ALPINA (L.) Roem. & Schult. S. Barrin: Resolution Island Acadia Harbour, nr. 8338. N. LABRADOR: Lady Job Harbour, nr. 8339; also Bowdoin Harbour, nr. 8347.
New to Baffin Island and to the entire Arctic Archipelago, the re- port from Akpatok Island? being founded on specimens belonging instead to the non-viviparous D. caespitosa series, I find on examining the material myself! D. alpina is predominantly a species of Europe, where it extends from Spitsbergen southwards, but it is also of rather general occurrence in southern Greenland. Elsewhere in America it is known only from this Resolution Island station and from northern Labrador, where it is almost confined to the Atlantic coast. Hence it would appear to afford a particularly good example of a species which is long established and widespread in Europe but has only just reached the nearest part of continental North America via Greenland.
DESCHAMPSIA cAESPITOSA (L.) P. de Beauv. S. BAFFIN: Frobisher Bay Point Brewster, nr. 8320 in part, mixed with Poa arctica R. Br.
New to S. Baffin, although in Herb. Kew I have seen specimens collected in the central portions of this great island as long ago as 1860 and variously labelled “ Hierochloe pauciflora,” “Poa laxa," “ Du- pontia,” etc. The species is also known from the south shore of Hud- son Strait, where it occurs on Akpatok Island (see above) and in northern Labrador and Quebec. "This material from the Canadian Eastern Arctic, while it appears all to belong to the great polymorphic circumboreal D. caespitosa series rather than to one of the recently proposed "western" segregates, D. beringensis Hultén or D. Mackenzie- апа Raup, nevertheless varies considerably in such characters as the length of the spikelets. However, all specimens that I have seen fall within the limits of one variety as outlined by Professor Fernald,’ viz. var. LITTORALIS (Reut.) Richter, Pl. Eur. I, p. 56, 1890.
PuccINELLIA VAHLIANA (Liebm.) Scribner & Merrill. S. BAFFIN: Resolution Island Acadia Harbour, nr. 8335.
1 In these notes I have in general mentioned only those finds of Dr. Potter's which are real additions to the known flora, counting recent but unpublished discoveries as “knowledge” since they will shortly be dealt with in my detailed Flora of the Cana- dian Eastern Arctic. In four instances, however, it has seemed desirable to report the further range-extensions discovered by Dr. Potter in 1937 of plants already found elsewhere in Southern Baffin by the Canadian expedition of tlie previous year.
2 By Polunin in Journal of Botany LX XII, p. 203, 1934.
3 In RHoponA XXVIII, p. 153, 1926.
1939] Polunin,— Plants Collected in the Canadian Arctic 39
New to S. Baffin, although well known in N. Baffin and occurring plentifully still farther north on Devon and Ellesmere Islands. In the South it is largely if not entirely confined to calcareous areas, being common on Akpatok Island in Ungava Bay and Southampton Island in Hudson Bay. I also found it recently at Port Burwell in the extreme north of Labrador, growing on glacial till containing fragments of transported limestone. This, judging from Dr. Potter's general account (in lit.), would seem to have been its habitat at Acadia Harbour; for, unlike most other members of the genus, P. Vahliana is not at all a strand plant, being often found far inland and at high altitudes.
CAREX MICROGLOCHIN Wahlenb. S. Barrin: Frobisher Bay Point Brewster, nr. 8293.
New to Baffin Island and the entire Arctic Archipelago. Previously collected in the Canadian Eastern Arctic proper, i.e. north of the 60th parallel, only at Chesterfield on the west coast of Hudson Bay (Kee- watin) by me in 1936, at Ranken Inlet a little to the south of this by Macoun in 1910, and at Cape Smith on the east coast of Hudson Bay (Quebec) by me in 1936. Elsewhere very widespread in boreal regions but scarcely an arctic species, although reaching Cape Giesecke, 74° 30’ N. in East Greenland.!
ARENARIA RUBELLA (Wahlenb.) Sm., Engl. Bot. Suppl. I, t. 2638, 1831.
f. epilis (Fernald), n. comb. Arenaria verna L. var. propinqua (Richardson) Fernald f. epilis Fernald in Ruopora VIII, p. 32, 1906. S. BarriN: Resolution Island Acadia Harbour, nr. 8238.
The widespread arctic Arenaria ($ Minuartia) rubella is now by almost all authors maintained as a species separate from A. verna L.— a policy which I fully support. Hence it is necessary to make the above new combination for the glabrous phase which has not pre- viously been recorded from the Canadian Eastern Arctic where it may, however, have been extensively overlooked.
СОРТІЅ GROENLANDICA (Oeder) Fernald. S. BAFFIN: Frobisher Bay Point Brewster, nr. 8197.
The genus is new to Baffin and the Arctic Archipelago; also to the Canadian Eastern Arctic since it has not previously been found even as far north as the 60th parallel in Labrador, although extending much farther north in West Greenland.
1 Cf. Gelting in Meddelelser om Grønland CI, 2, p. 165, 1934.
40 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
DRABA CRASSIFOLIA Graham. S. Barrin: Frobisher Bay Point Brewster, nr. 8257. N. LABRADOR: Lady Job Harbour, пг. 8245.
Not previously recorded from Baffin or any other part of the Arctic Archipelago but already found at Lake Harbour on the south coast of Baffin by me in 1936. North American, transgressing into northwest- ern Europe. Chiefly subarctic and alpine but reaching Lervig, 74? 11^ N. in East Greenland.! Well known in Labrador? and recently found at Wakeham Bay in northernmost Quebec (Polunin, 1936 field notes).
PorENTILLA Есери Wormskj. in Fl. Dan. ІХ, t. 1578, 1818. S. BarriN: Frobisher Bay Point Brewster, nr. 8349.
Not previously recorded from Baffin or any other part of the Arctic Archipelago but already found at Lake Harbour on the south coast of Baffin by me in 1936. North American, transgressing into eastern Asia. Well known from the mainland regions of Labrador, Quebec and Keewatin even north of the 60th parallel, and thus widespread in the southernmost portions of the Canadian Eastern Arctic area. At Port Burwell in the extreme north of Labrador much of the material closely approaches the usual southern
var. groenlandica (Tratt.), n. comb. Potentilla Anserina groen- landica Tratt., Ros. Monogr. IV, p. 13, 1824; P. Anserina @. grandis Torrey & Gray; P. pacifica Howell; Argentina pacifica Rydberg.
SIBBALDIA PROCUMBENS L. S. BarriN: Frobisher Bay Point Brews- ter, nr. 8046; also York Harbour, nr. 8045.
New to S. Baffin and probably to the whole of that great island unless Taylor's report? of “ Potentilla tridentata” from Cumberland Gulf had reference instead to Sibbaldia. This was unfortunately the case with my own report? of “ P. tridentata” from Akpatok Island, the determinations having been made in my absence by others, and I suspect that it may also be true of Taylor's report (see my forthcoming Botany of the Canadian Eastern Arctic. Part I).
i.e,
EUPHRASIA ARCTICA Lange. S. Barrin: Frobisher Bay North of York Harbour, nr. 8029.
Previously reported from further north in Baffin’ and also found at Lake Harbour on the south coast by me in 1936. The typical form is
1Cf. Gelting in Meddelelser om Grønland CI, 2, p. 73, 1934.
2 Cf. Fernald in RHopoRA XXXVI, p. 294, 1934.
3 In Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh VII, p. 327, 1863.
4 In Journal of Botany LX XII, p. 204, 1934.
5 By Taylor in Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh VII, p. 330, 1863, sub nom. Euphrasia officinalis.
1939] Polunin,—Plants Collected in the Canadian Arctic 41 said by Fernald & Wiegand! to be “5-25 em. high." To it belongs most of the material from south of the 60th parallel in eastern Canada and also from much further north in Greenland, both on the west coast and the east.? However, all the specimens that I have seen from the Canadian Eastern Arctic, including those from 6 stations in northernmost Labrador and Quebec, are so much smaller as to suggest that with further observation they may well prove to be varietally separable.
PLANTAGO JUNCOIDES Lam. var. GLAUCA (Hornem.) Fernald. S. Barrin: Frobisher Bay Point Brewster, nr. 8075.
The genus is new to Baffin, but not to the Arctic Archipelago, since it was found on Nottingham Island, Hudson Bay, by Dr. Robert Bell in 1884—as reported by Macoun,* although this was ignored by Simmons‘ and other subsequent writers. Bell’s specimens, which I have seen in Herb. Ottawa, and Dr. Potter’s, all belong to the usual reduced northern var. glauca. The occurrence of this in Frobisher Bay and on Nottingham Island, i.e. near both ends of Hudson Straits, indicates a likely migration route around seashores in modern times and, with a similar northern occurrence of Carex Mackenziei Krecz. (C. norvegica Willd., поп Retz.), C. maritima Gunn. (C. incurva Lightf.), “С. glareosa” and Zostera marina L., seems to discount somewhat Dr. Potter's own “ Botanical evidence for a Post-Pleistocene marine connection between Hudson Bay and the St. Lawrence basin.’”®
TARAXACUM CERATOPHORUM (Ledeb.) DC. S. Barrin: Frobisher Bay Point Brewster, nrs. 8161, 8163.
According to the limits given by Professor Fernald in his admirable revision of “Taraxacum in Eastern America," ? it would appear that all previous reports of this species from the Canadian Eastern Arctic should be transferred to 7. lacerum Greene. Nor was I able to find any specimens of T. ceratophorum during my expeditions into these regions in 1931 and 1934, except on one occasion at Churchill on the west coast of Hudson Bay, well to the south of the 60th parallel. But
1In Ruopora XVII, p. 193, 1915; cf. also Flora Danica XVII, t. 2010, 1877.
2 Cf. Gelting in Meddelelser om Grønland CI, 2, p. 155, 1934. sub nom. Euphasia lati- folia Pursh.
з In his Catalogue of Canadian Plants. Part III, Apetalae p. 575, 1886, sub nom. Plantago maritima.
АЧА Survey of the phytogeography of the Arctic American Archipelago” Lunds Universitets Arsskrift, 1913.
5 Cf. Potter in Кнорокл XXXIV, 1932—especially the map on p. 75.
6 See Fernald in RHopoRA XXXV, 1933.
42 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
in 1936, both at Cape Dorset in southern Baffin and Cape Smith on the east coast of Hudson Bay, I found specimens whose short leaves and much-hubbled fruits allowed me tentatively to refer them to 7. ceratophorum, while in 1937 Dr. Potter gave special attention to the matter and found almost typical plants in Frobisher Bay.
In conclusion I wish to thank Dr. David Potter most sincerely for his great kindness in collecting and sending me this very interesting material.
HERBARIUM, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY,
Oxrorp University, England.
WOLFFIA COLUMBIANA IN CONCORD, MassACHUSETTS.—Shortly after the mid-summer flood of 1938 had subsided, I found Wolffia columbi- ana Karst. growing abundantly in warm, shallow water in the Great Meadows at Concord, Massachusetts. Material collected in August, 1938, has been filed in the herbarium of the New England Botanical Club.
A large acreage in the meadows has been dyked in order to create a series of shallow brook-fed ponds as a refuge for water-fowl. Much of the water is seepage from the Concord filter-beds. During the spring freshets, the water level is above the crest of the dykes and the entire meadows are flooded for miles in either direction. The Wolffia was abundant along one of the dykes on the leeward (easterly) side of the largest basin. The heavy rains just prior to the hurricane on Sept. 21, 1938—about 101% inches fell in Concord between Sept. 17 and 21— again raised the river to freshet height. On Sept. 20, the dyke was awash and much of the Wolffia had floated down stream. The river continued to rise, and the plant apparently was entirely dispersed. On October 30, the water had fallen to nearly normal levels, but the Wolffia was more abundant than when first discovered!
From the best information available, this is the sixth station for this plant to be discovered in New England, and the first east of the Connecticut River. Previously, it appears to have been known only from Kent, Salisbury and Litchfield, in Connecticut, from Lake Champlain, and from Mt. Tom Station, Holyoke, Massachusetts.
Curiously enough, this is the second important range extension of rare and local members of the Lemnaceae to have been reported from the Sudbury-Concord River valley within the past twelve months.
1939] Svenson,—Monographic Studies in the Genus Eleocharis 43
Dr. Charles Н. Blake reported the collection of Wolffiella floridana (J. D. Sm.) Thompson from Farrer's Pond, Lincoln, on August 11, 1937.—R. J. Eaton, Cambridge, Mass.
MONOGRAPHIC STUDIES IN THE GENUS ELEOCHARIS—V
Н. K. SVENSON (Continued from page 19)
Series 4: OVATAE
38. E. osrusa (Willd.) Schultes [PL. 540, rias. 1, 6, 7; мар 43]; Svenson, RHopora xxxi. 214 (1929).—Noteworthy citations: FLORIDA: in swamp, Welton Co., Curtiss in 1885 (NY); Tallahassee, N. K. Berg (NY). Texas: Uvalde, Plank in 1891 (NY); Houston, Plank іп 1891 (NY). New Mexico: Las Vegas, Plank in 1895 (NY).
39. E. ovata (Roth) R. & S. [Pr. 540, ria. 4; MAP 44]; Svenson, Ruopora xxxi. 211 (1929). Е. diandra C. Wright, Bull. Torr. Club. x. 101 (1883) [Pr. 540, ric. 3]; Svenson, Кнорока xxxi. 210 (1929).
Wright, apparently not knowing true Е. ovata as represented in America, compared his plants from the sand-bars of the Connecticut River only with Е. obtusa. In my opinion, E. diandra represents а form of E. ovata in which the bristles are rudimentary or lacking. Such a variation, usually of little significance in Eleocharis, is found in E. ovata in several river valleys. But specimens from the Hudson estuary usually have bristles, and except for the pallid spikelets are indistinguishable from typical Е. ovata.
40. E. ENGELMANNI Steud. [Pr. 540, ric. 2; MAP 45]; Svenson, Кно- DORA xxxi. 208 (1929).—Additional citations: Wrst VIRGINIA: Minnehaha Springs, Pocahontas Co., Core in 1931 (W Va Univ). Texas: Dallas, Reverchon no. 3596 (NY).
41. E. LANCEOLATA Fernald [PL. 540, rra. 5]; Svenson, RHODORA xxxi. 207 (1929).
Serles 5: MACULOSAE!
42. E. MACULOSA Vahl [Map 25]; Svenson, Кнорока xxxi. 238 (1929). E. Lehmanniana Boeckl. in Engler, Bot. Jahrb. viii. 205 (1887).— Central America, West Indies and South America. Additional cita- tions: GUATEMALA: Coban, 1350 m., T'uerckheim no. 1252 (NY). GUADALOUPE: Richard (TyPE, Cop); Duss nos. 3125 (NY), 3595 (NY). MARTINIQUE: Duss nos. 4137 (NY), 4522 (NY). Dominica: F. E. Lloyd no. 182 (NY). Ecuapor: Lehmann no. 138 (US, сотүрЕ of E.
1 For key to species see RHopoRA xxxi, 224 (1929).
44 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
Lehmanniana); Galapagos Ids., Svenson no. 135 (B). COLOMBIA: Santa Elena, Dept. Antioquia, Archer no. 1226 (US). Borivta: Apolo, 4800 ft., R. S. Williams no. 914 (NY). Bnazir: Therezapolis, Rio de Janeiro, L. H. Bailey no. 1270a (NY); Campos de Jordão, Sao Paulo, Bailey no. 844 (NY); Butantan, Sáo Paulo, Hoehne no. 5424 (С).
The type of E. maculosa in Vahl's herbarium is an elongate slender specimen, the culm dark-spotted by aquatic debris or by a fungus. 7. Schottiana (Berlin, hb. Nees no. 1710) is the many-flowered phase, common in Southern Brazil, with firm appressed erose scales.
43. E. FUSCOPURPUREA (Steud.) Н. Pfeiff. (map 20). Dwarf, perennial from a creeping rootstock; culms filiform, somewhat thick- ened, 2-7 ст. high: sheaths reddish-purple, whitened-membranous and lacerate at the apex: spikelets ovate, obtuse, 3-3.5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide: scales purplish-brown, obtuse, strongly convex, with greenish-white tips, the lowermost with a broad white midrib: style 2-fid.: achene! biconvex, 1.0 mm. long, obovate, dull purple with a rugose surface: style-base yellowish-green, conic, not subulate; bristles white, opaque, equalling the achene.—Fedde, Rep. Spec. Nov. xxviii. 19 (1930). Isolepis fuscopurpurea Steud. Syn. Cyp. 99 (1855). П. univaginata Boeckl. Сур. Nov. i. 14 (1888), e descr. 7H. hyalino vaginata Boeckl. Allg. Bot. Zeit. 1896. 52 (1896). H. vincentina Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chil. xciii. 349 (1896); C. B. Clarke in Engler, Bot. Jahrb. xxx. Beibl. 68: 18 (1901), with synonymy; Svenson, Кнорока xxxi. 239 (1929). Е. vincentina var. arcuata (Kunze) C. B. Clarke (op. cit.) p. 19.—CnirE: Corral, Valdivia, Philippi no. 265 (TYPE, Paris); San Vincente, Poeppig (Paris, СОТҮРЕ of E. arcuata); Talcahuano, Poeppig (C. Gay no. 282, Paris). ARGENTINA: Rio del Valle, Catamarca, Venturi no. 6248 (US, B) (questionable).
E. fuscopurpurea has probably been derived from E. maculosa, dif- fering in small stature and reduced style-base. The type is mixed with material of a nondescript plant of the Dombeyana group, from which Steudel may have described the style as 3-fid. The best re- presentative of E. fuscopurpurea at Paris is Gay no. 282.
44. E. DEBILIS Kunth [Pr. 543, ric. 4]; Svenson, RHODORA xxxi. 240 (1929).
The түре of Е. debilis at Berlin (Rio de Janeiro, 1814-15, ex reliquiis Sellowiani. Humboldt ded. 1836. hb. Kunth no. 3202) is an annual, much like E. caribaea, but having whitened, acute spikelets with thin, loose scales, the achenes becoming purplish-brown to black only when mature. /. таста, also from Humboldt, with perhaps a perennial rootstock, is apparently the same, except that it 1s slenderer and few-
! Described from Gay no. 282
1939] Svenson,— Monographie Studies in the Genus Eleocharis 45
flowered. Perhaps the West Indian plants listed under E. Sintenisii belong here.
45. E. BAHAMENSIS Boeckl.; Svenson, RHODORA xxxi. 229 (1929).
46. E. ATRoPURPUREA (Retz.) Kunth; Svenson, RHODORA xxxi. 227 (1929).
47. E. caPILLACEA Kunth [МАР 19]; Svenson, RHODORA xxxi. 234 (1929).
48. E. SELLowiaNA Kunth [Map 21], Enum. ii. 149 (1837); C. В. Clarke, Ill. Cyp. t. xxxv. figs. 12-16 (1909); Barros, Anales Mus. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires 437, fig. 4 (1928); Svenson, RHODORA xxxi. 234, t. 191, fig. 42 (1929); Osten, Anales Mus. Hist. Nat. Montevideo, ser. 2a. ii. 168, fig. 16 (1932). H. albivaginata 8 macrostachya Boeckl. Linnaea xxxvi. 438 (1869-70). Е. crispovaginata Boeckl. in Engler, Bot. Jahrb. viii. 206 (1887), e deser. E. thermalis Rydberg, Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. i. 69 (1900). Е. galapagensis Svenson, RHODORA xxxi. 233 (1929). Е. flaccida sensu Standley, Field Mus. Publ. Bot. viii. 261 (1931), in large part.—Unmucvav: Montevideo, Herter по. 42 (С). Paracuay: Villa Encarnacion, Osten по. 7882 (B, S); Igatimi, Hassler no. 5563 (G). Brazit: Goyaz, Glaziou no. 22330 (NY); Minas Geraes, Claussen (M. B. no. 1025) (NY); Riedel no. 929 (Cal). FnENcH GurANa: Cayenne, Broadway по. 940 (G, NY). BRITISH СТАА: Georgetown, Hitchcock no. 17026 (NY). Borivi4: Apolo, alt. 4800 ft., А. S. Williams no. 909 (NY). Ecuapor: Chatham I., Stewart no. 1079; Albemarle I., Stewart no. 1078 (Cal); Indefatigable Island, J. T. Howell no. 9257 (B, Cal). СогомвгА: Cauca Valley, Pittier no. 635a (NY); Popayan, alt. 1300-2000 m., Lehmann по. 8428 (US). Costa Rica: vic. Signatapegue, Dept. Comayagua, Standley no. 56052 (US); La Estrelle, Prov. Cartago, Standley no. 39362 (US); San Pedro des Monts, Prov. San José, Standley no. 32795 (US); vie. San Sebastian, Prov. San José, Standley no. 32740 (US); La Palma, alt. 1500-1700 m., Maxon & Harvey no. 7920 (NY).
A wide-spread species with coarse, usually rigid and often reflexed culms, varying from dwarfed material (Standley no. 56052 and the type of Boeckeler's E. albivaginata 8 macrostachya) sometimes only 2 ст. high, to the elongated specimens (5 dm.) of Broadway no. 940. The TYPE at Berlin (Brazil: Sellow) has culms 10-12 cm. tall, 1.5 mm. wide; and yellowish-olive, turgid achenes 1.3 mm. long. In general, collections from Central America have been labeled E. ocreata or E. Pittieri. The latter species was described by Boeckeler as having purplish-black achenes, and is therefore to be associated with Æ. flavescens, or more probably, with Е. caribaea.
E. Arechavaletae Boeckl. Cyp. Nov. i. 14 (1888); Osten, Anales Mus. Hist. Nat. Montevideo, ser. 2, iii. t. xxxiii, figs. 7, 8 (1932). E. flaccida
46 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
var. Arechavalctae (Boeckl.) Osten. (1.c.), p. 167.— This plant, from the vicinity of Montevideo, is nearest to E. Sellowiana, with which it has also been associated by Osten. He describes it (p. 168), * 20-25 em. alta, culmis strictis erectis, 1 mm. diam. Spiculis 6-3 mm., squamis pallidis, ad latere ferrugineis. Nux obovata fusca nitida, setae albidae nuce breviores." It is probably a distinct species, but I have seen very little material for comparison.
The plants from hot springs in Yellowstone Park (E. thermalis Rydberg) have coarse culms and large olivaceous achenes, especially in A. Nelson no. 6157 (NY). These, together with T'destrom no. 384, Wasatch Mts., August 28, 1907 (hb. Catholic Univ.), I am placing, though with some hesitation, under K. Sellowiana, the species which they most closely approach.
49. E. ScHAFFNERI Boeckl. [Map 23]; Svenson, Кнорока xxxi. 233 (1929).—Added citations: Mexico: Jicaltepec, Liebmann (NY) (as E. capitata). Honpuras: Copan, Bernoulli no. 811 (NY). GUATE- MALA: between Sacapulas and Aguacatan, 6000 ft. alt., 4my Spingarn in 1934 (B). Costa Rica: Pittier no. 548 (US) (as E. Pittieri).
This little species is characterized by many-flowered spikelets with small divaricate scales, and striate achenes considerably smaller than those of E. Sellowiana.
50. E. oLtvAcEA Torr. [Pr. 541, ric. 2; МАР 18]; Svenson, RHODORA xxxi. 231 (1929). Е. flaccida (Reichenb.) Urban, var. olivacea (Torr.) Fernald & Griscom, Кнорока xxxvii. 155 (1935).— Additional stations of note: New York: Knickerbocker Lake, Columbia Co., McVaugh no. 3827 (Alb, B); brackish pond, Rensselaer Co., Wibbe in 1873 (NY); Dyking Pond, Rensselaer Co., House no. 20565 (Alb); Minerva, Essex Co., House no. 15458 (Alb); Newcomb, Essex Co., House no. 10730 (Alb); Sanford Lake, Essex Co., House no. 18068 (Alb); West Fort Ann and Patten's Mills, Washington Co., Burnhham (Alb). PENNSYL- VANIA: Bristol, Bucks Co., Driesbach in 1924 (Carnegie). Ѕоотн CanOLINA: Aiken, Ravenel in 1866 (NY). СковсгА: Stone Mt., McVaugh in 1936 (Ga.). Onrarto: Toronto, W. Scott (Can.). MicniGAN: Wycamp Lake, Emmett Co., Gleason по. 294 (B, NY); Mud Lake, Cheboygan Co., Gates no. 9906 (B); Austin Lake, Kala- mazoo Co., C. R. Hanes no. 1367 (B). Wisconsin: Long Lake, Iola, Waupaka Co., Hotchkiss & Martin no. 4439 (B). Пллхотв: Wolf Lake, Chicago, E. J. Hill no. 218 (IN). IwpraNA: many collections by Deam in the northern part of the state; by E. J. Hill and others (Ill) from Lake County. Minnesora: Mink Lake, Clearwater Co., J. В. Moyle no. 931 (NY).
Throughout the West Indies, typical E. flavescens is characterized
Ithodora Plate 540
mavo 4 PuRoy-
ELEOCHARIS, series OVATAE (habit X 14, spikelets X 215, achenes X 20). Fia. 1, E. OBTUSA var. JEJUNA. Fia. 2, E. ENGELMANNI f. DETONSA. Ета. 3, E. DIANDRA. Еа. 4, E. ovata. Fia. 5, E. LANCEOLATA. Fic. 6, E. OBTUSA var. GIGANTEA. ЕС. 7, Е. OBTUSA.
Rhodor: Plate 541
Mneocuaris (habit X 15, spikelets X 2's, achenes X 20). Fic, 1, Ie. FLAVESCENS. Fic. 2, E. олуАСЕА. Fic. 3, B. SiNTENISIL. Fics. 4, 5, IZ minuta. Fic. 6, IZ, SrN TENIS (E. Suarpri). Fic. 7, К. iNTRICATA. (E. MADAGASCARIENSIS). с. 8, E. miNUTA (E. M AIDENII).
1939] Svenson,—Monographic Studies in the Genus Eleocharis 47
by small achenes (0.8-1.0 mm. long) which become reddish-brown before maturity and deep purplish-black when mature. Е. olivacea has larger achenes, usually with a larger subulate style-base, and an olivaceous surface which sometimes becomes darkened, but does not show the reddish coloration of E. flavescens. Color of scales is of little significance, but tends to be faded in estuarine specimens. The bristle character, as in practically all other species of Eleocharis, is nearly worthless. Based on these characters, especially the color and size of achenes, I have yet to find undoubted E. flavescens north of South Carolina except for two collections: Virginia Beach, Virginia, Hollick & Britton in 1890 (NY) and Ogletown, Newcastle Co., Dela- ware, Commons in 1866. Although color of achenes holds well as a specific character in other members of this group, it is possible that a demonstrable transition will be found between E. flavescens and Е. olivacea.
51. E. FLAVESCENS (Poir.) Urban [Pr. 541, ric. 1; МАР 22], Symb. Ant. iv. 116 (1903); Britton, Surv. Porto Rico & Virgin Ids. v. 91 (1923). Scirpus flavescens Poir. in Lam. Encycl. vi. 756 (1804). Baeothryon flavescens A. Dietrich, Sp. РІ. ii. 91 (1833). Scirpus Gaudichaudianus Kunth, Enum. ii. 157 (1837). Eleogenus ocreatus Nees vars. а 1. minor, a 2. flaccidus Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. iit. 102 (1842). Scirpus bahiensis Steud. Syn. Сур. 83 (1855). H. albivaginata vars. 6 flaccida, Y stricta, = humilis Boeckl., Linnaea xxxvi. 437, 438 (1869-70). H. Urbani Boeckl. Allegm. Bot. Zeit. ii. 20 (1896). H. Dussiana Boeckl., op. cit., р. 54; E. flaccida (Reich.) Urban, Symb. Ant. ii. 165 (1900); Svenson, КнороваА xxxi. 235 (1929).—West Indies, eastern South America, Mexico and eastern United States. [бее also discussion under E. olivacea].
The TYPE of E. flavescens (Paris) from Porto Rico is 4—6 ст. high, with yellowed culms unusually firm and rigid, and with immature olivaceous achenes. Scirpus bahiensis Steud. (түре, Paris) from Salzmann's collection at Bahia in 1834 is apparently the same; like- wise Gardner no. 150 (NY, US), the collection upon which Eleogenus ocreatus a 1. minor was based. EK. Dussiana from Martinique, Duss по. 466a (coryPE, NY), is an elongate form. S. Gaudichaudianus from Rio Janeiro (TYPE, Berlin) outwardly resembles FE. radicans, with culms 10-15 em. long, and small, olivaceous achenes. It has been determined as H. albivaginata var. stricta by Boeckeler. H. Urbani (Pr. 545, FIG. 4), founded on worthless material of Glaziou no. 17174 (TYPE, Cop) from Rio de Janeiro, is apparently E. flavescens. "The specimen of Е. laetevirens Steud. Сур. 79 (1855) at Berlin, probably a
48 Rhodora | FEBRUARY
COTYPE, has ocreate sheaths as in Æ. flavescens but many-flowered spikelets resembling those of К. atropurpurea, under which it was included by Boeckeler. The achenes are unusually small (0.7 mm. long) with a translucent brownish-olive surface, and the swollen culms are 6-12 cm. long and nearly 1 mm. wide. It may well represent a distinct species allied to E. Schaffneri. Weigelt's specimen of Scirpus flaccidus at Berlin (түрЕ) with small olivaceous achenes and the habit of “Scirpus planifolius Muhl.," is perhaps the same E. laetevirens. E. flavescens is not definitely known from Central America, and the only Mexican collection seen, is from Guadalajara, Pringle no. 3431 (NY).
E. FLAVESCENS (Poir.) Urban var. fuscescens (Kuekenthal), n. comb. Æ. flaccida var. fuscescens К. in Fedde, Rep. Spec. Nov. xxiii. 191 (1926); Svenson, RHoporA xxxi. 238 (1929). Е. praticola Britton in Small, Fl. Se. U. S. 182 and 1327 (1903); Svenson, RHODORA xxxi. 229 (1929).
Re-examination of the type of E. praticola shows that it is com- posed of two things:
1) plants 3-4 em. high, with weak culms and brown spikelets, sheaths marcescent at apex, achenes reddish-brown (0.75 x 0.5 mm.) with white bristles half as їопд....................... E. flavescens var. fuscescens.
2) plants 3-4 em. high, with rigid flattened culms, brown spikelets, red
sheaths with pointed apex; achenes black (0.85 mm. long) with brown rudimentary bristles........ llis leise E. caribaea.
The achenes of Е. praticola were described as “about 0.5 mm. long, dark brown” with bristles "retrorsely barbed, shorter than the achene," and this description applies only to the specimens with scarious sheaths. My description of E. praticola (1.c.) was based on mixed material, but the illustration (pl. 191) shows the “flavescens” type, both in habit and achene. Fredholm no. 5820 was selected as the TYPE by Dr. Britton, and an envelope on a separate sheet has in Fredholm's writing “Plant comes near KE. capitata R.Br., but the bristles are shorter (about 2/3) than achene which is dark brown, not jet black . . . Plant only found in shallow excavations on Kissim- mee prairie." These dwarf Florida specimens are not the equivalent of Kuekenthal's Cuban plants with culms 6-10 cm. tall, which repre- sent ordinary E. flavescens with brownish scales, but I do not know where to draw the пе. Сова: Santa Clara, Ekman no 18369. FromipA: Fredholm no. 5820 (in part) (түрк of E. praticola, NY); А. А. Eaton, Dade County in 1903 (NY) and no. 837 (in part) (С);
1939] Svenson,—Monographic Studies in the Genus Eleocharis 49
Eva, Polk County, Small & DeWinkeler no. 9760 (NY). Specimens of E. praticola previously cited from Cuba and the Bahama Islands are here referred to E. geniculata (E. caribaea).
52. E. SiNTENISII Boeckl. (pL. 541, ric. 3). MAP 24. Rootstocks wide- creeping to matted-lignescent; culms filiform, 0.5-3 dm. long, often short and rigid, irregularly sulcate; sheaths stramineous to purple, the apex acute, not inflated: spikelets usually few-flowered, elliptic- lanceolate to ovate, obtuse to acute; scales obtuse to subacute, stra- mineous to purple, often with a green midrib: stamens 2 or 3, anthers 0.4-0.7 mm. long: style 2-fid: achenes lenticular, narrowly obovoid, 0.9-1.4 mm. long, shining black; style-base conical to subulate; bristles light brown to white, equalling or exceeding the achene.— Сур. Nov. i. 16 (1888). Е. Shaferi Britton, Mem. Torr. Bot. Club xvi. 59 (1920) [pL. 541, ria. 6]. E. yunquensis Britton, Bot. Porto Rico & Virgin Ids. v. 92 (1923). К. atropurpurea sensu Britton (op. cit., р. 91); not (Retz.) Kunth. E. Ekmanii Kuekenthal in Fedde, Rep. Spec. Nov. xxiii. 192 (1926); Svenson, RHopora xxxi. 230 (1929). E. debilis Kunth, forma macra (Kunth) Boeckl., sensu Kuekenthal (1. c.) (as to Cuban plants).—Porto Rico, Cuba, and the Florida Keys. Porto Rico: prope Bayamon ad Palo Seco in fossis, hb. Krug. & Urban по. 1220 (NY, corvPkE of E. Sintenisii); moist places between Bayamon and Comerio, Britton no. 8527; Sierra de Naguabo, Shafer nos. 3607 (NY), 3138 (NY); Collazo River, Britton no. 8671 (NY); wet savanna near Laguria, San José, Britton & Britton no. 7179 (NY); Luquillo Mts., 950 m., Britton & Bruner no. 7619 (NY, TYPE of E. yunquensis). Сова: Campo Florido, Havana, Ekman no. 19015 (NY, СОТҮРЕ of E. Ekmanii); Batabano, Havana, Shafer no. 231 (NY); Santa Clara City, Ekman no. 18846 (NY); Sierra Nipe, near Woodfred, Oriente, Shafer no. 3414 (NY, 2 sheets), (түре of E. Shaferi); Sierra de Nipe, Oriente, Ekman no. 2146 (NY); limestone plain, Ensenada de Siguanea, Britton & Wilson no. 14892 (NY). Егокіра: hammocks, Big Pine Key, Small & Small no. 5081 (NY); lime sink, Big Pine Key, Killip no. 32079 (US, B).
Of the rhizomatous West Indian specimens with acute sheath-apex, I can make out only a single species, although a considerable amount of variation occurs in size of achenes. Those of the type of E. Shaferi are 1.4 mm. long, including the subulate style-base. Smaller speci- mens, such as the type of E. Sintenisit, have achenes often only 1.0 х 0.5 mm. The relatively narrow achene of material from mountain- ous parts of Porto Rico and Cuba broadens out in the collections from Big Pine Key to average 0.9 x 0.6 mm., but I see no distinction be- tween the Florida plants and, for example, Britton no. 7179 from Porto Rico. E. Sintenisii is closely related to E. maculosa and Е. geniculata (E. caribaea), and also to E. debilis of Brazil.
50 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
53. E. aENICULATA (L.) К. & S.
Through examination of specimens described in //ortus Cliffortianus, which are at the British Museum, J. E. Dandy adequately shows that the description of Scirpus geniculatus L. rests entirely upon the plant which Linnaeus actually saw, which is the species now called LE. caribaea. The large species with septate culms, passing as Eleocharis geniculata, must take the name FE. elegans (НВК) R. & S.
Some time ago Mr. Dandy sent me a letter, embodying the results of his investigation of the status of К. capitata. A synopsis of this report has been published by С. X. Furtado in the Gardens Bulletin, Straits Settlements ix. 293, 204, 298-299 (1937). I must therefore be content with excerpts from Mr. Dandy's letter:
“Scirpus capitatus belongs to Eleocharis, and under this genus Blake (1918) took up for it the name E. capitata R. Br., which he treated as a new combination having S. capitatus L. as basis. But here he erred, for Е. capitata R. Br. was not founded on S. capitatus L.; Robert Brown plainly indieated as much by deliberately excluding the Clayton plant which 1s the holotype of S. capitatus. What Brown did cite under E. capitata was “Scirpus capitatus. Linn. sp. pl. ed. Willd. 1. p. 294. (secundum synonyma Brownii et Sloani . . .)" together with Scirpus culmo mudo, spica lerminatrice subrotunda L. (Hort. Cliff.) . . . ‘In view of these facts, E. capitata R. Br. must be regarded as the name of a new species and not as a new combination, and the lectotype should be the plant from which Brown drew up his description, namely his own no. 5930 from Australia (in the British Museum Herbarium). This plant is conspecific with Ё. caribaea, and so also is the ‘Hortus Cliffortianus" plant which Brown referred to E. capitata and which will be further discussed below.
“Thus Scirpus capitatus L. and Eleocharis capitata К. Br. are independ- ent species based on different types and it follows that Brown’s name prevents the valid transfer of Linnaeus’s epithet capitata to Eleocharis. The next earliest name for Linnaeus’s species is S. filiformis Lam. (1791), but this is invalidated by S. filiformis Burm. f. (1768). The next available name is S. tenuis Willd. (1809), and as this is legitimate the correct name for the species under Eleocharis is Е. tenuis (Willd.) Schult.
“Scirpus geniculatus L. was based on Scirpus culmo mudo, spica termina- trice subrotunda L. (Hort. Cliff.) together with Juncus aquaticus genicula- tus, capitulis equiseti, major Sloane and Juncus aquaticus geniculatus, capi- tulis. equiseti, minor Sloane. In the Linnean Herbarium there is no specimen named S. geniculatus by Linnaeus; there is only a specimen (from Browne) which was named 5. geniculatus by Solander and which was not in the herbarium in 1753. "This specimen has been determined by C. B. Clarke as Eleocharis interstincta. It has certainly no status as regards the typification of S. geniculatus. Apparently the only actual specimen of S. geniculatus which Linnaeus saw and accepted was the plant in the Hortus Siccus Cliffortianus (now at the British Museum) which he originally named S. culmo nudo, spica terminatrice subrotunda. His original description of S. geniculatus, “Scirpus culmo tereti nudo, spica subglobosa terminali," was virtually a rewording of his phrase-
n
1939] Svenson,— Monographie Studies in the Genus Eleocharis — 51 name published in the “Hortus Cliffortianus," and the plant dealt with in that work should be taken as the lectotype of S. geniculatus. The Sloane synonyms were included solely on the evidence of Sloane's descriptions and figures; Linnaeus had not seen the actual plants, which are now preserved in the Sloane Herbarium at the British Museum.
“The “Hortus Cliffortianus" plant, which is thus the lectotype of Scirpus geniculatus L., has already been mentioned above in the discussion of S. capitatus. It is identical with Eleocharis caribaea and was correctly referred by Robert Brown to his E. capitata. This means that the names E. caribaea (Rottb.) Blake and Е. capitata R. Br. become synonyms of Е. geniculata (L.) Roem. Schult., which was based on S. geniculatus L., though Roemer and Schultes followed Vahl in treating the true (lecto- typical) plant as var. 6.”
The synonymy of the true (emended) E. geniculata is as follows!:
ELEOCHARIS GENICULATA (L.) Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. ii. 150 (1817) emend., quoad var. б. Juncus aquaticus geniculatus, capitulis equiseti, minor Sloane, Cat. Pl. Ins. Jam. 37 (1696); Voy. Jam. Nat. Hist. i. 122, t. 75 fig. 2 (1707). Ray, Hist. Pl. iii. 628 (1704). Scirpus culmo mudo, spica terminatrice subrotunda L. Hort. Cliff. 21 (1737). Royen, Fl. Leyd. Prodr. 48 (1740). Scirpus geniculatus L. Sp. Pl. i. 48 (1753) pro parte, excl. syn. Juncus . . . major. Scirpus caribaeus Rottb. Descr. Pl. Rar. Ic. Ill. 24 (1772). Scirpus geniculatus var. minor Vahl, Enum. Pl. ii. 251 (1806). Eleocharis capitata R. Br. Prodr. 225 (1810). Eleocharis geniculata var. minor (Vahl) Roem. & Schult. loc. cit. (1817). Eleogenus capitatus (L.) Nees ex Wight, Cat. 113, n. 1899 (1834) pro parte, excl. syn. L. Limnochloa geniculata (L.) Nees in Mart. Fl. Brasil. ii, 1. 99 in adnot. (1842) pro parte. Chlorocharis capitata (R. Br.) Rikli in Pringsh. Jahrb. Wiss. Bot. xxvii. 564 (1895). Eleocharis caribaea (Rottb.) Blake in RHODORA хх. 24 (1918).2
Revised nomenclature of the three species (and additional synonymy of Е. geniculata) is as follows:
(1) E. GENICULATA (L.) В. & S.; not of recent auths. E. setacea R. Br. Prod. 225 (1810). ? Scirpus caducus Delile, Fl. Egypte 9, t. 6, fig. 2 (1813). Е. caduca Schultes, Mant. ii. 88 (1824); Kunth, Enum. ii. 151 (1837); Steudel, Syn. Сур. 79 (1855); Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 388 (1884); C. B. Clarke, Journ. Bot. xxv. 268 (1887); Durand & Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. v. 597 (1895); Terraciano, Malpighia ii. 305 (1888); Fiori, Fl. Ital. Ill. fig. 421 (1921). Scirpus Brownii Spreng. Syst. i. 204 (1825). E. riparia Nees ex Spreng. Syst. iv.? 27 (1827), as syno- nym of S. Brownüi. Scirpus palmaris Willd. ex Kunth, Enum. ii. 150 (1837), as synonym (Willd. no. 1185!). E. microformis Buckley ; Svenson, RHODORA xxxi. 230 (1929).
(2) E. eLEGANs (НВК) В. & S. Syst. ii. 150 (1817). Е. geniculata
1 Sec. J. E. Dandy. 2 Svenson, RHopoRA xxxi, 225 (1929).
52 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
of auths.; Svenson, Кнорока xxxix. 259 (1937); not Scirpus geniculatus L.
The type collection of Scirpus elegans at Berlin (Kunth hb. 3226) bears the notation “Lima, D'Urville ded. 1835. Scirpus geniculatus Linn. (fide herb. Vahl). Scirpus elegans Humb. & Kth. ex herb. Willd. descripsit."
(3) E. rENvIs (Willd.) Schultes, Mant. ii. 89 (1824); E. capitata (L.) К. Br. var. typica Svenson, Кнорока xxxiv. 199 (1932).
Stations for E. geniculata (E. caribaea; E. dispar) about the Great Lakes have been much extended through the explorations of Dr. Т. M. C. Taylor and Dr. Е. J. Hermann (cf. Кнорова xxxvii. 365-367 (1935)). This is the most widely-distributed species of Eleocharis in the world, and it would be strange if it did not appear in the interior of North America. The plant of the Great Lakes is the lax form seen at the limit of range, apparently identical with K. setacea of Australia. Plants with similar roseate to purple scales and purple achenes are common in the tropics (cf. Moldenke no. 511 (NY) and Small & Carter no. 2887 (NY)), nor does laxness of habit or even reduction of bristles have much significance. No advantage appears to be gained by maintaining var. dispar. Of E. J. Hill's care in describing E. dispar no one can doubt, but his letter to Dr. Britton (accompanying speci- mens) shows that he compared with his Indiana material “ perennial" plants of KE. capitata, i.e. E. flavescens, which comprised the true “Scirpus capitatus L." of Torrey’s herbarium.
The type of E. caduca (Delile) R. & S. [Paris] from Damietta, Egypt, is a plant without stolons, with upper sheaths acute and definitely not ocreate, and with purplish-black achenes 1.2 mm. long. But Delile's plate definitely shows a plant with stolons. From Sardinia I have seen another collection of E. caduca (I. Mueller in hb. Calif. Acad.). The dwarf round-headed E. microformis from Texas with achenes 0.7-0.9 mm. long, often confused with Æ. atropurpurea, I now believe to be a small extreme of E. geniculata (E. caribaea), similar to speci- mens from Nicaragua (Maxon, Harvey & Valentine no. 7291 (NY)), and from Honduras (Schipp no. 913 and Standley no. 56671 (NY)). Е. caribaea var. Stokesii F. В. Н. Brown, Bishop Mus. Bull. 84: 106, PI. xivB (1931), was published without being distinguished from typical material, but the variety at any rate cannot have much significance.
1939] Svenson,—Monographic Studies in the Genus Eleocharis 53
Maps 29-42. Map of Erkocnanis: 29, ELLIPTICA; 30, TENUIS var. PSEU- DOPTERA; 31, COMPRESSA; 32, TENUIS Var. VERRUCOSA; 33, (TENUIS var. TYPICA); 34, РАвїзни; 35, BOLANDERI; 36, (NODULOSA var. ANGULATA); 37, SUBARTICU- LATA; 38, MoNTEVIDENSIS; 39, DOMBEYANA; 40, ALBIBRACTEATA; 41, CRINALIS; 42, TRICOSTATA.
54 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
OcrEATAE (Old World)
The Old World material has at times been placed under F. flaccida var. humilis, which is equivalent to E. flavescens; but it actually rep- resents two well-defined species of variable habit, differing markedly from EK. flavescens in the character of the achenes:
Mature achenes olivaceous, 1.0 mm. long...................... E. minuta. Mature achenes purplish-black, 1.2-1.3 mm. long.............. E. intricata.
54. E. MINUTA Boeckl. (Pr. 541, FIGs. 4, 5, 8) MAP 26. Culms spongy, 1-3.5 em. long, green, decumbent or arching, closely matted, sulcate- flattened to quadrangular; sheaths membranous, but not conspicu- ously inflated: spikelets ovoid, 3-7-flowered: scales ovate, subacute, 1-1.5 mm. long, scarcely keeled, green, often with purple sides: stamens 3: achenes biconvex, olivaceous, obovate, 1 mm. long, 0.6 mm. wide, lightly striolate-reticulate: style-base flattened-apiculate, 14 as wide as the achene: bristles 6-7, white, equalling the achene.— Engl. Bot. Jahrb. v. 503 (1884); Chermezon, Bull. Soc. Bot. France lxxv. 285 (1928). E. Maidenii Kuekenthal in Fedde, Rep. Spec. Nov. xii. 135 (1914).—Mapaaascar: Hildebrandt no. 3527 (Cop); Perrier de la Bathe nos. 2688 (B), 18484 (B); DeCary in 1921 (К). UcaNpa: King's Lake, Kampala, Hancock & Chandler no. 27 (К, B). Avus- TRALIA: Brisbane River, Bailey (K); Richmond River, C. Moore no. 159 (К) (as E. atropurpurea); Northgate to Nudgee, Brisbane, on wet mud, S. T. Blake no. 4724 (B).
Boeckeler's type or cotype (Cop) of E. minuta is less compact than P. dela Báthie's no. 2688, and the subulate style-base is a trifle more prominent. These are the same as Bailey's dwarf plants from Bris-
bane, but the species ranges to much larger plants with culms as high as 14 em. (cf. Blake no. 4724).
55. E. INTRICATA Kuekenthal in Fedde, Rep. Spec. Nov. xiii. 135 (1914) [pL. 541, FIG. 7; МАР 27]; Svenson, Кнорона xxxi. 239 (1929). E. radicans Kunth, Enum. ii. 142 (1837) (as to Mauritius plant only), not Scirpus radicans Poir. Scirpus repens Willd. ex Schult. Mant. ii. 84 (1824). E. Chaetaria sensu Baker, Fl. Maur. & Seychelles 420 (1877); not R. & S. E. madagascariensis Chermezon, Bull. Soc. Bot. France lxxv. 284 (1928).—East Africa, Madagascar and Mauritius. AFRICA: Kyimbila, Nyassa, 15-1600 m., M. Stolz no. 1132 (COTYPE, Ph, К); Socotra, Balfour no. 457 (К). Mapnaaascan: P. de la Bathie no. 16646 (B); Blackburn in 1863 (К, as E. setacea). Mauritius: Horne in 1876 (К, as E. acicularis and E. Chaetaria); in streams, К. E. Vaughan ВАЗ (К); banks of Moka River, P. B. Ayres in 1861 (K); M. Bouton (K, as Scirpus natans); H. H. Johnston in 1888 (K).
Scirpus repens Willd. (no. 1175), based on dwarf plants collected
1939] Svenson,—Monographic Studies in the Genus Eleocharis 55
by Petit-Thouars in Mauritius, closely resembles Scirpus radicans Poir., and has immature olivaceous achenes 1.2 mm. long, the style- base being more prominent that in E. flavescens. Е. intricata and Е. madagascariensis have identical spikelets and achenes (1.2-1.3 mm. long, with prominent style-base), and differ only in habit; the latter plant having culms up to 16 cm. high and sheaths decidedly ocreate, though not as prominently as in Æ. flavescens. Series 6: PALUSTRIFORMES, Subseries: PALUSTRES
The North American representatives of this group received an excellent and detailed treatment by Fernald & Brackett in RHODORA xxxi. 57-77 (1929). Yet the group in its wider distribution presents such baffling interrelationships and so few tenable characters that this present treatment must necessarily be provisional. In eastern United States, thanks to the above-mentioned work, the entities are clear; in Europe and in western United States, the situation seems to be chaotic. The Palustres, chiefly of holarctic distribution, have prob- ably spread out in post-glacial time, achieving a variation comparable with that of Rubus or Crataegus. In Western United States, with its natural barriers and diversified terrain, numerous intergrading geo- graphical races have developed, the most noteworthy of which I have illustrated by drawings and photographs. It would be perfectly easy to describe more species in this group, adding to the plethora of intangible species, but I have made little or no change. In my mind, there is even some question whether more than a single good species of the Palustris group exists in northwestern Europe, and whether in Europe there are not environmental responses to sea-strand, meadow, and bog, which parallel the variation of E. palustris їп western America. Although I have spent an inordinate amount of time on this group and have seen a vast amount of material, the problems do not appear to be close to solution. A careful, perhaps statistical, study of the group is needed throughout Europe; then, with enlightenment as to actual lines of specific demarcation, a similar treatment of the plants of western United States should be attempted. For this I hope that I have at least built up a framework.
Comparative width of the tubercle (style-base), the uniglumate character of the spikelet, rigidity or softness of the culm, or even a mucronate sheath-apex, are characters which do not always hold in species of this group. For example, the type and associated collections
56 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
of E. macrostachya, which have a well-developed mucro, pass imper- ceptibly into plants with non-mucronate sheaths; normal E. macro- stachya freely intergrades with uniglumate plants of the Great Plains and westward, and specimens with soft flaccid culms merge directly into those with rigid culms. One collection which Dr. Ada Hayden has sent me (no. 7010 from Clay Co., Iowa) has plants with the lower half flaccid and ribbon-like, the upper half cylindric and rigid; such structural variations probably reflect rapid change in water-level or show differences in submerged and emersed portions of the culm.
Similar intergradations appear in European plants. With hopes of solving the E. palustris problem, I collected specimens in Europe during the summer of 1937, whenever it was possible to do so. The largest collection consisted of homogeneous plants (PL. 542, FIG. 1) from sandy lake-shores at Ramkvilla, north of Wexió in Sweden, growing with Scirpus lacustris, Lobelia Dortmanna, Ranunculus reptans and Litorella uniflora. These had the rigid opaque culms of typical E. palustris. Yet specimens (32) selected at random all had the wide tubercle (wider than high) characteristic of E. mamillata, and, to make matters worse, 4 of them (121562) were definitely uniglumate. Such rigid plants with ovate spikelets and dusky divaricate scales acute and strongly hyaline at the apex, appeared to be representative of E. palustris in Småland, the province where Linnaeus lived. Plants with thin, semitranslucent culms (KE. mamillata), occasional along meadow brooks, had tubercles of the same type. The achenes of K. palustris, though variable in size, were larger, duller, and somewhat more reticulate than is usual in plants of eastern North America; in well-developed specimens they averaged 2.6 mm. long and 1.5 mm. wide, with tubercles 0.4 mm. high and 0.43 mm. wide. This type of plant is characteristic of much of the herbarium-material of E. palus- tris from Sweden, and even with the fine lot of specimens given to me by Dr. Samuelsson, I have not reached a satisfactory basis for precise separation of KE. palustris, E. mamillata, and E. uniglumis. Though the amplexicaule lower scale is the criterion for determination of FK. uniglumis, the dark brown semi-glutinous scales and the subsaline habitat are equally characteristic. It was rather disconcerting to find such material [PL. 542, FIG. 2] (all but the uniglumate condition) along the seacoast near Giant's Causeway in Ireland.
In addition to Clarke's revision of the Eleocharis species of Europe!
! Journ. Bot. xxv. 267-271 (1887).
1939] Svenson,—Monographic Studies in the Genus Eleocharis 57
and the complicated treatment of the Palustris group by Ascherson & Graebner under Scirpus,! the European Palustres have been elabo- rated by H. Lindberg? and by Beauverd? In the last-named treat- ment, the varying spiral arrangement of the scales is illustrated for several species; E. benedicta is described from an alpine lake in Savoy, and Dr. Lindberg's E. mamillata is reduced to a subspecies under £F. palustris.
As to the type of E. palustris, I have examined the two sheets in the Linnaean herbarium at London. One of these is E. multicaulis, from which the idea that typical E. palustris was a small plant may have been derived. The other is Ё. mamillata, so labeled by Dr. Lindberg, of which I have a photograph through the kindness of Mr. Savage. In recent correspondence, Dr. Lindberg is of the opinion that this Linnaean specimen should not be accepted as the sole type of Scirpus palustris.
Scirpus glaucescens, represented by no. 1188 in the Willdenow Herbarium, belongs with E. palustris. It is most likely that Willde- now made an error in counting or transcribing the number of style- branches, for the material has styles definitely bifid. The plant is characterized by a large number of filiform sterile culms with some- what inflated sheath-apices. It does not resemble any material that I have seen from North America, but appears to be a glaucous form of the European species, much like specimens which I collected in a tidal stream near Newquay in Cornwall.
Scirpus nudissimus Steud. & Jardin, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, ser. 2, ix. 278, 280 (1875) (a nomen subnudum), the TYPE (Paris) com- ing from Honolulu, has shining dark yellow achenes 1.5 mm. long, with a whitened constricted style-base. It is the same as КЁ. palustris 2 australis Nees, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leopold Nat. Cur. xix. Suppl. i. 96 (1843), based on a collection by Meyen from Oahu (сотүрЕ, Cal. Acad.). Here belongs a specimen from the U. S. Exploring Expedition (G) and also Degener no. 9002 (NY, collected May.10, 1927), from an arid part of the campus of the University of Hawaii at Honolulu, and not seen elsewhere by him. "These specimens are all exceedingly close to typical Е. macrostachya, and like E. obtusa var. gigantea they have probably been sporadically introduced from the North American continent.
1 Synopsis der Mitteleuropaischen Flora ii2. 289 (1904).
? Die nordeuropaischen Formen von Scirpus (Heleocharis) paluster L., Acta. Soc. Fauna et Flora Fennica xxiii, no. 7: 1—16, 2 pl. (1902).
з Bull. Soc. Bot. Genève, ser. 2, xiii, 245—265, 4 figs. (1921).
58 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
The European KE. mamillata! seems to be well represented in France (Haute Saone, Bonati (B)). It probably has earlier names. To me E. macrostachya and E. mamillata do not appear to be identical, F. macrostachya having much firmer scales and a mucronate or sub-
mucronate sheath-apex, as well as the following differences in achenes:
E. MAMILLATA
Achenes average 2.1 mm. x 1.1 mm., rather compressed, dull yellow, con- spicuously cellular. Tubercle broad and scarcely constricted. Bristle- teeth eoarse.
E. MACROSTACHYA
Achenes average 1.8 mm. x 1.0 mm., glistening yellow, smooth, with ''lem- on rind” texture. Tubercle narrow, with constricted neck. Bristle-teeth slender.
on excellent specimens aligned. I have seen a naturally into about a
E. macrostachya was fortunately based around which the western material can be wealth of herbarium material which falls dozen recognizable but intergrading races showing varied shape, color and rigidity of spikelets [cf. pL. 547]. The hardened, twisted culms of the Mexican E. xyridiformis—which I believe to be one of these races— ап be traced northward into Arizona and to the Uinta Basin of Utah. Northeastward it passes directly into typical E. macrostachya of the Oklahoma region, and into a spiralling plant with less-hardened culms characteristic of western Missouri and Kansas, then merges into a soft-culmed phase in Missouri which outwardly resembles E. mamillata of Europe. In Mexico, E. xyridiformis fades out into softer plants of homogeneous texture but with variously colored spikelets, one type merging at the Texas border into a marked race with long-acuminate pale spikelets. The abundant specimens from the Great Plains of Wyoming represent a combination of these characters, to be expected in the geographical center of the species. This transition passes northwestwardly into short-headed plants of eastern Oregon and eastern Washington with hard purple-margined scales; to the south- west into a similar form with acuminate scales characteristic of the Uinta Basin; southeast to typical E. macrostachya; northward in the mountains of Montana to a soft-culmed phase reaching its climax in the region of Glacier Lake and with difficulty, if at all, separable from E. palustris. In middle and southern California the culms tend to be
1 The three species involved аге:
50. E. PALUSTRIS (L.) К. & S. [Pr. 542, rias. 1, 2; PL. 547, Frias. 9, 10, 14, 15, 19, 21; MAP 64]; Fernald & Brackett, RHODORA xxxi. 59 (1929).
57. E. MAMILLATA Lindb.f. [PL. 542, FIGS. 3, 7; PL. 547, FIGS. 4, 8]; Fernald & Brackett, RuHopoRA xxxi. 66 (1929),
58. E. Macrosracuya Britton in Small, Fl. Se. U. S. 184, 1327 (1903) [Pr. 547, Fias. 3, 7, 11, 13, 17, 18, 20; MAP 67]. E. ryridiformis Fernald & Brackett, RHODORA xxxi. 76 (1929) [PL. 547, rias. 12, 16].
Rhodora Plate 542
ELEOCHARIS, subseries PALUSTRES (habit X 15, spikelets X 215, achenes X 10). Fras. , 2?
1, 2, E. PALUSTRIS. Fics. 3, 7, E. MAMILLATA. Fics. 4—6, Е. uNIGLUMIS.
Rhodora Plate 543
«22252
Engocuamims (habit X Fo, spikelets X 215, aehenes X 10). Fic. 1, К, BAVATIERI. x - р A] pa ` ` - ` Fig. 2, E. Dreceana, Ес. 3, E. mosa. Fic. 4, E. pesis. Pic. 5, 15. MARGINULATA.
n
1939] Svenson,— Monographie Studies in the Genus Eleocharis 59 tall and flattened (as in E. mamillata) with many-flowered, often elongated, somewhat distichous spikelets, the extreme phase constitut- ing E. perlonga Fernald & Brackett.
Along the seacoast from British Columbia to California, E. macro- stachya passes into large black-spiked plants, frequently uniglumate, and often identified as E. wniglumis. The large-headed, occasionally uniglumate, plants from the Canadian Great Plains, represented by Macoun nos. 5 (G), 50 (NY), and 300 (G), offer a similar problem; likewise they are involved with К. palustris. In many respects the Macoun collections are similar to the remarkable plants collected by Dr. Fassett (no. 16739) from a lake-shore at Drummond, Wisconsin; and to Ehler’s no. 2763 (Catholic Univ.) from Mackinac County, Michigan, a specimen, however, with the characteristically terete culms of E. palustris.
It may be mentioned here, to show the unstable grounds for species determination in this group, that western material of E. palustris [cf. МАР 64] has been determined by me almost solely on the character of rigid inflated culms; E. calva wholly as slender plants with uniglu- mate spikelets. KE. palustris in eastern North America is ordinarily characterized by hardened, terete culms, and ovate spikelets with soft hyaline-tipped scales. But plants with soft flattened culms are oc- casional, for example Wiegand & Hotchkiss no. 27521 and Fernald & Wiegand no. 27520 from Newfoundland. Some specimens (especially Fernald & Wiegand no. 4698, Wiegand & Hotchkiss no. 27521, and Fernald & Wiegand no. 27520) have unusually narrow tubercles, but similar plants (cf. Fernald & Long in Pl. Exsic. Gray. no. 437) from Nova Scotia, have tubercles broader than high.
The Palustris group appears to be equally complex in Asia, and I can merely cite the following additional species from eastern Europe and Siberia, included by Zinserling,! Flora U. S. S. R. iii. 75-90 (1935), with illustrations, and with Latin descriptions in the addenda:
BIGLUMES:
H. ussuriensis, H. leptostylopodiata, and H. intersita (p. 581); H. crassa Fisch. & Mey., H. globularis (p. 582); H. kasakstanica, H. ecarinata, H. turcomanica (p. 583); H. argyrolepidoides (p. 584); H. equisetiformis (Meinsh.) B. Fedtsch. (p. 72, 80).
! For the opportunity of seeing cotypes of many of these species I am greatly in- debted to Dr. V. Lubimenko, Director of the Herbarium at Leningrad.
60 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
UNIGLUMES:
Н. eu-uniglumis (p. 584); Н. transcaucasica, Н. Klingei (Meinsh.) B. Fedtsch. (p. 585); Н. multiseta, Н. septentrionalis, П. oxylepis (Meinsh.) B. Fedtsch., H. scythica (P. 586); H. fennica Palla (p. 587) (including var. sareptana); Н. paucidentata, H. Komarovii, H. Kor- shinskyana (p. 588).
In South America, the Palustris group is represented in Argentina, as might be expected, by E. macrostachya, illustrated (as E. palustris) by Barros, Anales Mus. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires xxxiv. 443, fig. 8 (1928). One collection, О. Kuntze no. 32 (NY), closely duplicates the perlonga phase of Texas. The following specimens are cited: ARGEN- TINA: Prov. Santiago del Estero, Venturi no. 5631 (B, G, US); General Roca, Rio Negro, W. Fischer no. 160 (С, NY); Alredodores de La Plata, Cabrera nos. 1697 (С), 1795 (С). Unmvcvav: Barra Santa Lucia, Osten no. 22713 (B, G). In Patagonia, the Falkland Islands and Chile, the dark-spiked K. melanostachys apparently represents the Antarctic element, perhaps identical with E. neo-zeylandica, and with achenes somewhat similar to those of E. Dregeana.
59. E. NEO-ZEYLANDICA C. В. Clarke ex T. Kirk, Trans. N. Z. Inst. xxvi. 260 (1894); Cheeseman, Man. N. Z. Fl. 768 (1906); Clarke, Ill. Cyp. t. xxxvi. fig. 10-14 (1909).
7. neo-zeylandica, represented at Kew by Kirk's nos. 1005 and 1248 from Cape Farewell, has inflated sheaths, shiny golden-brown, lightly reticulate achenes 2 mm. long, with unusually small tubercles.
60. E. MELANOsTACHYS (d'Urville) C. B. Clarke. Culms usually inflated, 0.5-6 dm. high, 1-3 mm. wide in dried material, the surface often roughened by minute internal prominences: sheaths inflated, often acute to submucronate at the apex: spikelets usually acute, 0.5-2.0 cm. long: scales loosely appressed, purplish-brown to castancous with prominently hyaline tips, often with greenish midrib, the lowermost frequently striate-pallid: stamens 3, anthers 2.5 mm. long: style 2-fid: achene obovate, 2.0-2.5 mm. long, lemon yellow, becoming dark lucid brown when mature, lightly reticulate: style-base small, 1% as wide as achene, conic, often as broad as high: bristles equalling the achene, frequently rudimentary or lacking.—Engler, Bot. Jahrb. xxx, Beibl. 68: 20 (1901); Macloskie, Fl. Patagonia viii (suppl.). 67 (1914) (as П. megalostachys); Barros (l. c.) 441, fig. 7 (1928). Scirpus melano- stachys d'Urville, Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris iv. 600 (1826). Fimbristylis melanostachys Brongn. in Duperry, Voy. Coquille Bot. 181 (1829); Steudel, Syn. Сур. 107 (1855). Isolepis heteromorpha Steud. Syn. Сур. 100 (1855). H. macrorrhiza Boeckl. Flora xli. 413 (1858). H. valdiviana К. A. Philippi, Linnaea xxix. 77 (1857-58). H. litoralis Philippi (l. e). ? H. melanocarpa Philippi and H. appendiculata
1939] Svenson,— Monographie Studies in the Genus Eleocharis — 61
Philippi (op. cit.) 85 (1857-58). Scirpus heteromorphus F. Phil. Cat. РІ. Chil. 311 (1881). Е. simulans! Clarke (1. c.) and Ill. Сур. t. xxxvi, figs. 19-24 (1909). H. funebris Speg. Anales Mus. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires vii. 177 (1902).—Specimens examined: FALKLAND IDs.: J. D. Hooker (К); d'Urville (Paris) (rype of Scirpus melanostachys: culms 3-6 cm. high; scales dark brown to black). ARGENTINA: Posadas, Terr. Santa Cruz, Donat no. 261 (G, NY). Cute: Santiago, Philippi no. 1879 (Paris) (as E. appendiculata: culms scarcely 1 mm. wide; spikelets acute); Santiago, Philippi no. 704 (Stockholm) (as E. appendiculata: culms slender; sheath-apex cartilaginous, but not apiculate); Corral, Philippi no. 642 (Stockholm) (as E. litoralis: culms only 4-8 em. high; scales dark brown); Philippi (Berlin) (Е. valdiviana, similar to E. heteromorpha); Valdivia, Gunckel no. 2743 (G); Valpa- raiso, Jaffuel nos. 778 (С), 794 (G); Valle de Marga-Marga, Prov. Aconagua, Coast Ranges (lat. 33? 10' S.) Jaffuel & Pirion nos. 1433 (G), 3133 (G); Santiago, Montero no. 558 (G) and G. T. Hastings no. 362 (NY); Prov. Cautin, Montero nos. 1993 (G), 2448 (G); Concep- tion, Jaffuel no. 2956 (G). Peru: vic. Cuzco, alt. 3600 m., A. S. Hitchcock no. 22555 (NY) (perhaps E. macrostachya).
61. E. DREGEANA Steud. (Pr. 543, ric. 2). Rhizome coarse and elon- gate; culm soft, striate, sometimes with minute cellular prominences, 1-3 dm. high, 1-3 mm. wide; sheaths castaneous, loose, the apex some- what inflated and quickly marcescent-lacerate: spikelets lanceolate, 1-1.5 em. long, acute, many-flowered: the scales obtuse to subacute, castaneous, often with darker margins: stamens 3; anthers 1.3 mm. long: style 2-fid: achene ovate, convex, 1.7 x 1.0 mm., light brown, smooth: style-base yellow, mucroniform, 144 — V4 the length of the achene- body: bristles shining brown, with short teeth.—Syn. Cyp. 78 (1855). E. palustris sensu C. B. Clarke in Thistleton-Dyer, Fl. Capensis vii. 198 (1898). Limnochoa capensis Nees, Linnaea x. 185 (1836) (ace. to Clarke, І. c.). Е. capensis Nees ex Boeckl. Linnaea xxxvi. 467 (1869— 70) (in synonymy).—SovrH Arrica: Ongeluk, Griqualand, Jan. 1, 1818, Burchell no. 2649 (G, K); Bruintjes Hoogte, Somerset Div., Burchell no. 3046 (K); Stylkloof, near Richmond, 4000-5000 ft., Drége in 1840 (К); sine loc., Lehmann (NY) (as E. limosa); Drége (Paris) (түрЕ of E. Dregeana).
The achenes of this plant are of approximately the same size and texture as those of E. calva of eastern United States.
62. E. MrrRACARPA Steud. Culms usually coarse and spongy, striate, thin and flattened when dry, 1-4 mm. wide: sheaths loose, purple or reddish-brown at base, the apex truncate, subinflated and often marcescent: spikelets oblong-lanceolate, subacute, many-flowered: scales castaneous, with subacute hyaline apex, often with green mid-
! Cf. Кнорокал xxxvi. 385 (1934). Pfeiffer, Herbarium no. 56. p. 54, has taken up
the name H. andina, based on Scirpus andinus Phil. Anal. Univ. Chil. 1873, 554 (1873), in place of E. simulans.
62 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
rib and darker sides, the lowest not amplexicaule: stamens 3, anthers 2.0-3.0 mm. long: style 2-fid: achene obovate, biconvex, 1.5-2.0 mm. long, dull yellow, smooth: style-base gray, mitriform, 14 as long as achene-body, usually thickened at base and cellular-hispidulous under magnification; bristles lightly tinged with brown, equaling the achene.—Syn. Сур. 77 (1855). E. palustris var. є. humilis Nees in Wight, Contrib. Bot. Ind. 113 (1834).—Persia to Japan, Kamt- chatka. PERSIA: prope ruinas, Persepolis, Kotschy no. 390 (TYPE, Paris). AFGHANISTAN: hb. Griffith nos. 6236 (NY), 6237 (NY) & 6238 (NY); Kurrum Valley, Aitchison in 1879 (partim, С). INDIA: Ind. bor. occ. Thomson (G, NY, Paris); Punjab, Thomson (С) (as Е. compacta); Sersa, Punjab, 800 ft., Koelz nos. 1598 (NY), 1599 (NY); Sind, Pinwill (NY); Rawalpindi, n. w. India, Stewart no. 7060 (NY); Gurdaspur near Beas River, Punjab, Stewart no. 1326 (NY); Shalimar, Kashmir, 5000 ft., Stewart no. 3232 (NY); Katrain, Punjab, 5000 ft., Koelz nos. 1907 (NY), 1644 (NY); Dharmsala, Punjab, 4000 ft., Stewart no. 1864 (NY); Lahul, Himalaya, Koelz no. 605 (NY); Sikkim, 9—10,000 ft., Hooker (G). CniNA: Yunnan, Ducloux no. 250; Mengtse, Yunnan, A. Henry no. 10862 (NY); Tsingtao, Shantung, Chiao no. 2483 (NY); Kweichow, 400 m., Tsiang no. 4867 (NY); Peiping, Liou no. 6997 (NY); Ning-wu-Hsien, N. Shansi, 5400 ft., Tang no. 1296 (NY); Gehol, Mongolia orientale, David in 1864 (Paris). JAPAN: Hokkaido, Tanaka no. 167 (NY). Russia: Savoiko, Kamtchatka australis, Hultén in 1928 (NY); Mt. Palorinaja, Kamtchatka, Kver- dam (С). The following JAPANESE specimens (issued as К. pileata) are apparently the same, except for lack of red color in sheaths: Sapporo, hb. Agric. College (sine coll.) in 1878 (С); Sapporo, Arimoto in 1903 (G); Musashi, Sakuraj no. 47 (G).
In India, plants of the Palustris-group appear singularly homo- geneous, characterized by inflated sheaths, striate culms, firm yellow achenes and a broad, almost orbicular, grayish tubercle. The filament- bases or receptacular part of the achene are as a rule prominently dark-purple. The species ranges from. dwarf rigid-culmed plants (cf. A. Henry no. 10862 from Yunnan, and some of Thomson’s collections from the Punjab) to tall plants with soft wide culms (cf. Koelz no. 1599 from the Punjab). Spikelets vary in color from nearly white (cf. hb. Griffith no. 6238 from Afghanistan, which is an exact match for Meffert- Abramowitz no. 572 from Turcoman, issued as X. argyrole- pis) to dark chocolate-brown (as in Koelz no. 1644). The species extends eastward through China and Japan without obvious alteration.
63. E. SAvaATIERI С. B. Clarke (Pr. 543, ric. 1). Culms slender, erect, 4-6 dm. long, 0.5-1.0 mm. broad, glistening grayish-green, compressed when dry, obscurely striate: sheaths 6-8 ст. long, bright chestnut to reddish brown, with brown-margined acute apex: spike-
1939] Svenson,— Monographie Studies in the Genus Eleocharis 63
lets elliptie, subacute, 8—12 mm. long, loosely 15-25-flowered: scales soft, obtuse to acute, not keeled, reddish-castaneous striolate, the lowest amplexicaul: stamens 3: style 3-fid: achene elliptic, the castane- ous body 1 mm. long, lenticular, broadly obovate, lightly reticulate; style-base elongate-mitriform, 2 mm. long, as wide as the achene- body, strongly inflated-cellular; bristles none.—Kew Bull. Add. Ser. viii. 21 (1908) and Ill. Сур. t. xxxvi. figs. 15-18 (1909). Scirpus mitratus Franch. & Savat. Enum. Pl. Jap. ii. 111, 544 (1879).— JAPAN: in uliginosis, Yokoska, Savatier (Paris, TYPE coll.); Yesan, Fauri no. 7536 (Paris) (spikelets darker and with firmer scales).
This species, as Franchet & Savatier point out (p. 111), is well differentiated from Scirpus pileatus A. Gray, by the presence of a tubercle twice as long as the achene-body (as in Clarke's illustration), and by the complete absence of bristles. The illustration is from the type collection of Scirpus mitratus, which I have borrowed among other specimens from Paris, through the kindness of Professor Gag- nepain.
PALUSTRES (eastern North America)
64. E. CALVA Torr. [Pr. 547, FIGs. 1, 5; MAP 65]; Fernald & Brackett, Кнорока xxxi. 68 (1929). Е. erythropoda Steud. Syn. Сур. 76 (1855).
Е. calva seems to be characteristic of the marl and limestone areas of New York and New Jersey, being almost unknown from eastern New England, and represented by only a single collection from Long Island: Woodside, Ferguson no. 4997 (NY). Culms and spikelets are usually slender and elongated; the achenes are small and of fairly constant size, averaging 1.7 x 1.0 mm. in typical specimens. In eastern United States this plant appears to be perfectly distinct and offers no difficulty in identification.
E. Baeothryon Schultes, Mant. ii. 92 (1824) was based on Scirpus no. 6, Muhl. Gram. 29 (1817), [incorrectly cited as no. 7 by Torrey], and Æ. Muhlenbergiana Schultes, op. cit., p. 74, was similarly described from Muhlenberg’s Scirpus no. 4. These numbers I could find neither in Muhlenberg's herbarium at Philadelphia, nor in Willdenow's at Berlin; therefore, since they were inadequately described, both names should be rejected. Scirpus no. 7 in hb. Willd. is a very young plant of Е. calva; in hb. Muhlenberg it is E. tuberculosa.
65. E. SMALLI Britton [PL. 547, FIGs. 2, 6; MAP 66]; Fernald & Brack- ett, l. c., p. 64.
The түре of E. Smallii (from Harrisburg, Pennsylvania) has rigid swollen culms. This phase, which perhaps reaches its extreme in
64 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
Deam’s no. 49387 from Bear Lake, Noble County, Indiana (culms 5 mm. wide in dried specimen, not flattened) has acuminate spikelets with appressed scales. The type collection of E. Smallii is probably pathogenic to some extent, since relatively few of the scales bear ma- ture achenes, and in these the tubercles are swollen and not normal. Eleocharis is susceptible to smuts and other fungous diseases resulting especially in slight distortions of the style-base (tubercle), often not obvious to the general botanist. More than one species, in my estima- tion, has been described on the basis of such pathogenic distortions. In the Palustres special care must be observed when it is obvious that fifty percent or more of the achenes fail to mature; even in healthy material the tubercles may be extremely variable (cf. Pr. 547, FIGS. 18, 21). Е. Smallii is fairly easily recognized by its rigid texture, obvious in the stiff acuminate scales and the hardened character of the sheaths, which are usually black at the apex, with a prominently darkened V-shaped sinus. Тһе achenes average 2.0 x 1.1 mm. It is the prom- inent and only common species of the Palustres in fresh-water ponds of southern New England.
66. E. AMBIGENS Fernald, RHODORA xxxvii. 394, t. 387, figs. 1-8 (1935).
The description of KE. ambigens by Professor Fernald clears up also the puzzling citations of E. compressa (E. acuminata) from Louisiana.!
Additional citations: MARYLAND: sea beaches, eastern shore, Canby (NY). ViRGINIA: river swamps, Munden, Mackenzie no. 1828 (NY); damp location in mixed woods, n. e. of Williamsburg, E. J. Grimes no. 3708 (NY). Fromipa: Chapman (NY). Florida or Georgia, Croom in 1836 (МҮ). LovistANA: New Orleans, R. S. Cocks no. 1555 (G); J. Hale (G, NY) (as E. acuminata); Opelousas, Wm. Carpenter (NY); Morgan City, Svihla in 1926 (NY).
E. nervosa Kuekenthal,? perhaps the same as E. ambigens, is far too immature for identification. Two collections of the Palustres are also known from Porto Rico:
66a. E. FALLAX Weatherby, RHODORA xxiv. 23 (1922); Svenson, Кнорока xxxiv. 225 (1932).
67. E. naLoPHILA (Fernald & Brackett) Fernald & Brackett, Кнорока xxxvii. 395, t. 387, figs. 12-14 (1935). Е. uniglumis var. halophila Fernald & Brackett, RHopoRA xxxi. 72, t. 183, figs. 17-26 (1929).—Along the seacoast from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to Virginia.
1 Britton, Journ. N. Y. Microsc. Soc. v. 109 (1889), the Hale specimen being given an unpublished name by Dr. Britton.
2 Fedde, Rep. Spec. Nov. xxiii. 192 (1926) based on Ekman no. 18543 from CUBA: Lagua la Grande, in swamps that surround the limestone hills at Chinchila (TYPE S; corvPE NY).
1939] Svenson,—Monographic Studies in the Genus Eleocharis 65
68. E. uNiIGLUMIS (Link) Schultes [Pr. 542, rras. 4-6]; Fernald & Brackett, RHODORA xxxi. 71, t. 183, fig. 31 (1929); Fernald, RHODORA xxxvii. 395, t. 387, figs. 9-11 (1935). — Е. uniglumis reaches its south- ern limit in eastern America on the mountains of Newfoundland.
69. E. kaMTsCHaATICA (C. A. Meyer) Komorov; Fernald & Brack- ett, RHopona xxxi. 75 (1929).
To this species Fernald & Brackett have questionably added (as a synonym) Scirpus sachalinensis Meinsh. Acta Hort. Petrop. xviii. 260 (1901). For this Komarov (Acta Hort. Petrop. xxxix. 34 (1923)) has taken up the name E. Glehni (Scirpus Glehni Meinsh.), published without further reference and apparently a “nomen nudum.”
Subseries: TRuNCATAE (North American Species)
Since the name F. geniculata is to be applied to the tropical species with lenticular black achenes апа Æ. capitata, as a name, is unavailable (see discussion under the Maculosae), E. tenuis returns as the familiar name for the plant of northeastern United States. After examining the immature type of Scirpus tenuis (Willdenow no. 1184), I find it best to maintain it as the equivalent of Clayton's specimen, though there is perhaps a tendency toward the var. pseudoptera. Scirpus ellipticus Willd. no. 1172, sent by Muhlenberg to Willdenow, consists of three immature culms of what I have called Е. capitata var. borealis,! and a nondescript culm of an allied plant. At Berlin, the name Scirpus ellipticus was in general early use for this northern plant, which, in its shallow achene-pitting and other characters, is probably closer to E. compressa than to E. tenuis. In view of this taxonomic difficulty, and to avoid a new combination, I am recognizing E. elliptica.
70. E. ELLIPTICA Kunth, Enum. ii. 146 (1837) [Map 29]; Steudel, Syn. Сур. 76 (1855). Scirpus ellipticus Willd. ex Kunth, Enum. ii. 146 (1837) (as synonym). ŒE. capitata var. borealis Svenson, RHODORA. xxxiv. 200 (1932).
71. E. tenuis (Willd.) Schultes [Map 33]. E. capitata var. typica Svenson, RHODORA xxxiv. 199, t. 219, figs. 56, 57; t. 221, figs. 1, 13 (1932).—Additional citations: West VrRGINIA: Morgantown, Mills- paugh no. 219 (NY); Pickens, Randolph Co., H. H. Smith no. 1354 (Wisc). Norra CAROLINA: many collections in hb. Duke Univ. SovrH CAROLINA: Hartsville, J. B. Norton in 1921 (NY); Charleston, Beyrich (Cal. Acad.).
E. TENUIS var. pseudoptera (Weatherby) n. comb. [Map 30]. К. capitata var. pseudoptera Weatherby іп Svenson, RHopoRA xxxiv. 202, t. 221, figs. 3, 16 (1932).
1 RHODORA xxxiv. 200, t. 219, figs. 58, 59; t. 221. figs. 4, 15 (1932).
66 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
This variety, of wider range than I had previously suspected, is abundant on western Long Island and on Staten Island. In western New Jersey it is found in meadows with Castilleja and Thalictrum revolutum and extends southward along the mountains to Tennessee (Fountain City, J. K. Underwood in 1920 (B)).
E. TENUIS var. verrucosa (Svenson), n. comb. [мар 32] E. capitata var. verrucosa Svenson in RHODORA, xxxiv. 202 (1932).—Ex- tends southward to Lourstana: Lake Charles, Plank in 1892 (NY); Acadia Parish, А. M. Harper no. 3469 (B) and Texas: Houston, Æ. Hall in 1872 (NY); and occurs in Virginia (cf. Fernald in Кнорока, xl. 391 (1938).
72. E. coMPREssa Sull. [МАР 31]; Svenson, Кнорока xxxiv. 215, t. 219, figs. 62, 63; t. 221, figs. 5, 6, 18 (1932).—Noteworthy additions: New Jersey: Dingmans, K. K. Mackenzie in 1920 (NY). West VIRGINIA: Fayette Co., L. W. Nuttall (Duke). ALABAMA: Monte Sano, Huntsville, R. M. Harper no. 3405a (B). Texas: Dallas, Reverchon no. 3595 (NY). NomrH Dakota: Custer, Rydberg по. 1074 (NY). Cororapo: Mt. Lincoln, Coulter in 1873 (NY); Salida, M. A. Carleton no. 553 (NY); La Veta, Rydberg & Vreeland no. 6473 (NY).
73. E. NITIDA Fernald; Svenson, Rnopona xxxiv. 203, t. 219, figs. 54, 55 (1932).
74. E. AcuTISQUAMATA Buckley; Svenson, RHODORA xxxiv. 218, t. 219, figs. 60, 61; t. 220, fig. 7 (1932).
75. E. TRICOsTATA Torr. [MAP 42]; Svenson, RHODORA xxxiv. 219, t. 220, figs. 77, 78 (1932).—SouTH CAROLINA: boggy places, Santee Canal, Ravenel (NY); cane savanna, Sumter Co., W. Stone no. 383 (NY).
75a. E. CYLINDRICA Buckley; Svenson, RHODORA xxxix. 265, t. 464, fig. 5 (1937).
76. E. BorANpERI A. Gray [Map 35]; Svenson, RHODORA xxxiv. 224, t. 220, figs. 68, 69 (1932).—U an: Moon Lake, Uinta Basin, 8100 ft., Graham по. 9318 (Carnegie Mus.). Coronmapo: Dolores |Monte- zuma Co.], 7000 ft. C. S. Crandall in 1892 (NY).
77. E. PALMERI Svenson, RHODORA xxxiv. 223, figs. 73, 74; (1932).
78. E. DECUMBENS Clarke; Svenson, RHODORA xxxiv. 224, t. 219, figs. 52, 53 (1932).
79. E. Parsa Britton [MAP 34]; Svenson, RHODORA xxxiv. 221, t. 220, figs. 66, 67; t. 221, fig. 12 (1932).—Additional citations: NEw Mexico: Las Vegas, Plank in 1895 (NY); Mesilla Valley, Standley no. 410 (NY). Arizona: Colleys Ranch, Gooding no. 1113 (NY). Oregon: Riddle, Douglas County, Peck no. 7030 (NY). CALIFORNIA: Mission Creek, Riverside County, J. T. Howell no. 2878 (Cal); Pana- mint Mts., Inyo Co., alt. 3500 ft., J. T. Howell no. 4055 (Cal); alka- line flats, Lancaster, Los Angeles County, J. T. /owell no. 4894 (Cal); Mission Pine, San Rafael Mts., alt. 6000 ft., Hoffmann 1n 1930
1939] Svenson,—Monographic Studies in the Genus Eleocharis 67
(Cal); Santa Isabel, San Diego Co., Wolf no. 2245 (Cal); Clear Creek, Butte County, Н. E. Brown no. 137 (NY); San Benito County, R. S. Ferris no. 6870 (NY); Trinity Center, Trinity County, J. T. Howell no. 12692 (NY); Siskiyou County, L. C. Wheeler nos. 3230 (B), 2915 (B), 2626 (B).
E. Parish, which seems to be a derivative of E. Dombeyana, is not confined to desert areas, as I previously intimated, but occurs up to 6000 ft. in mountain meadows.
80. E. INTERMEDIA (Muhl.) Schultes. E. reclinata Kunth; Svenson, Кнорока xxxix. 262 (1937).— TENNESSEE: sandy bed of stream, Cedar Creek, Morris Lake Basin, Campbell Co., J. K. Underwood (B).
As Professor Fernald has kindly pointed out to me, the previous homonyms of Scirpus intermedius do not invalidate the use of the name intermedia under Eleocharis, provided a legitimate name under Eleocharis was not available before Schultes’ transfer (1824). Thus in the International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature (1935), Article 69, “Where a new epithet is required, an author may, if he wishes, adopt an epithet previously given to the group in an illegitimate com- bination, if there is no obstacle to its employment in the new position or sense." “The combination Talinum polyandrum Hook. (in Bot. Mag. t. 4833: 1855) is illegitimate, being a later homonym of T. poly- andrum Ruiz et Pav. (Syst. Fl. Per. 1, 115: 1798): when Bentham transferred 7. polyandrum Hook. to Calandrinia, he called it Cal- andrinia polyandra Fl. Austral. 1, 172: 1863). This is treated, not as a new combination, but as a new name, C. polyandra Benth. (1863).
81. E. Macounn Fernald; Svenson, Rnopona xxxix. 265 (1937).
Subseries: TRUNCATAE KEY To SOUTH AMERICAN SPECIES
a. Spikelets linear-lanceolate; scales black; style-base mucroni- Qnin iq a О ИССИ 82. E. Dombeyana. a. Spikelets obtuse; achenes prominently reticulate with conic to depressed-py ramidal style-base. .. . №. b. Style-base with lobes decurrent on angles of achene Rhizome coarse, subterranean; achenes greenish-yellow (Andes)... ш Шов р NE ee 83. E. crinalis. Rhizome slender, achenes golden-brown.............. 84. E. Rabenit. b. Style-base not decurrent c. Dwarf, 3-6-flowered Andean species with black scales;
atyle-base. pyramidal. ав, 85. E. albibracteata. c. Many-flowered lowland species with brown seales; style- base conical. =.. 2. килит eee а с. 86. E. montevidensis.
82. E. DoMBEYANA Kunth, Enum. ii. 145 (1837) [Map 39]. Е. montana sensu Svenson, RHODORA xxxiv. 222 (1932), not (НВК) R.
68 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
& S. Chaetocyperus stoloniferus Nees, Linnaea xix. 695 (1847). E. truncata Schlecht. Bot. Zeitung vii. 118 (1849); Steud. Syn. Cyp. 77 (1855). E. bivaginata Steud. Syn. Сур. 77 (1855). Limnochloa truncata Liebm. Vidensk. Selskr. Skr. V, ii. 244 (1851). E. stolonifera Boeckl. Linnaea xxxvi. 424 (1869—70).
E. Dombeyana may prove to be a plant as local and as misunder- stood as E. montana, but I am including here, possibly incorrectly, all the material with smooth achenes (under high magnification) and mucroniform style-base. The rype (Berlin, Kunth no. 3210), based on Dombey's collection from Peru (ex. Mus. Paris) I have not seen exactly duplicated, nor is the locality of collection known. Dombey’s plant has slender rhizomes and elongate culms (3 dm. high and nearly 1 mm. wide), bearing acute spikelets (8 mm. long) with dark brown to nearly black scales. The achenes are 1.3 mm. long, golden- yellow to brown, smooth under magnification, trigonous with blunt outer angle, and have a crown-shaped trigonous style-base. This specimen is exceptionally large and the achenes have a peculiar low style-base, but in Dombey's similar specimen at Paris, the style-base tends to be elongated. Should further collections in Peru show ЁК. Dombeyana to be distinct, the name to be taken up for the common Mexican-Andean plant would be E. stolonifera. The TYPE (Aschen- born, hb. Nees no. 1737) (Berlin) consists of plants only 6 ст. high, which bear the indefinite locality * Mexico." For FK. truncata, also from Mexico, two citations are given by Schlectendal: Mineral del Monte (Ehrenberg) and Berlandier no. 365 (sineloc.). I have not seen these collections, but from description, I believe FE. truncata is the same as E. stolonifera.
Additional citations of EK. Dombeyana: Mexico: Morales, San Louis Potosi, Schaffner nos. 212 (NY), 577 (NY); Liebmann (as Limnochloa truncata) (NY); Morelia, Michoacan, 2000 m., Arséne no. 2720 (NY). GUATEMALA: Santa Elena, Chimaltenango, 2400-2700 m., Skutch no. 419 (NY); San Miguel Uspantan, Quiché, 6000 ft., Heyde & Lux no. 3554 (NY). Ecuapor: Ambato, Prov. Tungurahua, Pachano no. 110 (NY). ARGENTINA: Sierra Grande, 2200 m., Cordoba, Burkart no. 7144 (G); Sierra de San Luis, Kurtz no. 8516 (NY); Tilcara, Jujuy, Venturi no. 7269 (US, B); Dept. Capital, Tucuman, Venturi no. 2276 (US, B); Chigligasta, Tucuman, Venturi no. 4753 (G). Without loc.: hb. d' Urville (Paris, TYPE of Е. bivaginata).
My previous Peruvian citations from the Wilkes Expedition should read *Obrajillo" and * Casa Cancha," respectively. Both localities are in the mountains northeast of Callao.
1939] Svenson,— Monographie Studies in the Genus Eleocharis — 69
83. E. CRINALIS (Griseb.) Clarke (pL. 544, ric. 2). MAP 41. Culms filiform, in dense fascicles on remote ascending branches of a thickened wide-spreading subterranean rootstock, 4- or 5-angled, sulcate, 4-20 (rarely to 45 cm. as in type) high: sheaths reddish at base, the tumid ferruginous apex truncate and obscurely apiculate: spikelets ovate to elliptic (8-40-flowered), 3-6 mm. long: scales appressed, firm, scarcely keeled, mostly obtuse, castaneous to ferruginous with a lighter mid- rib: stamens 3, anthers 1.0 mm. long: style 3-fid: achene (0.8-1.0 mm. long, 0.6 mm. wide) greenish-yellow, striolate-reticulate; style-base brown, acuminate-pyramidal, with prominent basal margin and con- cave sides; bristles light brown, slender, equalling the achene.—Kew Bull. Add. Ser. viii. 23 (1908); Barros, Anales Mus. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires xxxiv. 470, 490, fig. 23 (1928). Scirpus crinalis Griseb. РІ. Lorentz. 217 (1874) and Symb. Fl. Argent. 311 (1879). Е. Brehmeri- ana Boeckl. Allg. Bot. Zeit. п. 33 (1896); Svenson, RHODORA xxxi. 180, pl. 189, fig. 24 (1929). Е. boliviana Palla ex Svenson, RHODORA l. c. (р. 179).—Bortvra: Mandon no. 1416 (С, in part) (К, NY) (co- TYPE of E. Brehmeriana); La Paz, Buchtien nos. 3143 (С, NY), 4482 (TYPE of E. boliviana). ARGENTINA: Quebrada del Tala, Catamarca, Lorentz & Hieronymus nos. 401 and 448 (Berlin, түре); Tilcara, Jujuy, Venturi no. 6192 (B, US) (as E. Chaetaria); San Pedro, Jujuy, Venturi no. 9679 (NY, US); Tafi, Tucuman, Venturi nos. 4371 (B, US), 7271 (В, С, US); Famailla, Tucuman, Venturi no. 6191 (B, US) (as E. Chactaria) ; Sierra del Cajon, Tucuman, Venturi no. 4371 (G); Campo Quijano, Salta, Venturi no. 9445 (B, G, US) (as E. Chactaria), and Guachipas, Salta, Venturi no. 9839 (G).
Except for а non-cancellate surface, the achenes of K. crinalis re- semble those of E. retroflexa, with which there has been much con- fusion in identification. Immature achenes somewhat resemble those of the Pauciflorae, in which group I previously and incorrectly placed the plants. ŒE. crinalis resembles E. Rabenii, but is easily recognized by the brown (not purple) spikelets and coarse rhizomes.
84. E. Raseni Boeckl. (Pr. 545, ria. 3). Perennial, from a slender, extensively-creeping rhizome bearing appressed purple scales; culms capillary, subflexuous, 8-40 cm. long, quadrangular-sulcate: sheaths purple, appressed, subacute and slightly spreading at the apex: spike- lets broadly ovate-lanceolate, 5-S-flowered, 2-3 mm. long: scales divaricate, ovate, acute, purplish-brown, sometimes greenish on the keel: stamens 2; anthers 0.5 mm. long: style 3-fid: achene ovate, trigonous with somewhat costate angles, lightly cancellate with obscure pitting, brownish-yellow; style-base pyramidal, acute, dark brown, trilobed with prominent basal margin; bristles short, slender, lustrous brown.—Kjoeb. Vidensk. Meddel. 1871: 149 (1871). Braz: with- out further locality, Raben (TYPE, Cop).—UmvucvaAy: Carrasco, Montevideo, in paludosis dunarum, Osten no. 22477 (B).
70 Rhodora | FEBRUARY
The type is without rootstocks, and these I have described from a collection given to me by the late Cornelio Osten. HE. Raben has the appearance of typical Е. capitata (E. tenuis) as previously treated by me. The achenes of Osten no. 22477, being immature, are whitened and smaller than in the type.
85. Е. ALBIBRACTEATA Nees & Meyen [map 40]; Svenson, RHODORA xxxi. 178 (1929). Е. nubigena C. B. Clarke; Svenson, RHODORA xxxi. 179 (1929).
The type of Е. albibracteata (hb. Berlin), from Lake Titicaca, has culms only 3 cm. long. The lowest scale of the spikelet is prominently whitened. Achenes are exactly 1.5 mm. long, golden-yellow with prominently-pitted, reticulate surface, obtuse outer angle, and brown style-base. At Kew the TYPE of E. nubigena is annotated by С. В. Clarke as * close to E. (melanocephala) albibracteata, but the mouth of the sheaths will not match, and the apex of the nut is very unusual." In this collection, the achenes (not quite mature) are 1 mm. long, with the three angles of the style-base slightly raised and apiculate. The illustration by Barros of Lorentz & Hieronymus no. 65 1s identical with mine of Mandon no. 1414, both showing achenes evidently not mature. The sheet of E. melanocephala Desv. (түре, Paris) “Cordillera de Guanta (Coquimbo) . . . 3000 m." consists of ten clumps of specimens, 3-4 cm. tall, with small heads resembling those of Venturi no. 9454. In Е. allbracteata the sheaths are variable, being for the most part inflated at the apex, but sometimes truncate with traces of a mucro. They emphasize the fact that the sheath-apex is not always a good basic character for classification of species in Eleocharis.
Additional citations: PERU: alt. 8400 ft., Yura |?], R. S. Williams no. 2571 (NY); Cuzco, A. S. Hitchcock no. 22493 (NY). ARGENTINA: Tumbaya, Jujuy, 2400 m., Venturi no. 6190 (US, B); Тай, Tucuman, Venturi nos. 9454 (US, B) and 9049 (US, B); Chubut, 70° W. 45? S., Koslowsky no. 75 (К); Patagonia australis, Terr. Santa Cruz, in ripa lacusculi ad Richmond, Dusén no. 5471 (S). Сни: in Andibus, prov. Coquimbo, Reed (K); Valdivia, Philippi (К).
The names E. albibracteata and E. Lechleri are being used indiscrim- inately for Patagonian and Chilean plants of more spongy texture than seen in typical Æ. albibracteata. These plants have pallid achenes when mature, with pitted, sharply-defined reticulation. "They probably represent a distinct species, without much doubt already described by Philippi. That they are not E. Lechleri is evident from Boeckeler’s description of the achene of that species as festaceous (i.e. brick-
Rhodora Plate 544
ELEOCHARIS (habit X 14, spikelets X 214, achenes X 10). Ес. 1, Е. NupiPEs. Ес. 2, E. CRINALIS. Еа. 3, E. viRIDANS. Ес. 4, E. PACHYCARPA. Fic. 5, E. DUNENSIS.
Rhodora Plate 545
AW ^ SKY (
Erkocnanis (habit X 15, spikelets X 215, aehenes X 10). Fig. 1, E. MINARUM. Кї. 2. B. GrazioviaNA. Fic. 3, E. Rasen. Fig. 4, E. UrBant Fia. 5, lj. LEUCOCARPA, Fic. 6, E. GLAUCO-VIRENS. Fig. 7, E. LokFGRENIANA. Fic, 8, E. CHRYSOCARPA.
? g , )
1939] Svenson,— Monographie Studies in the Genus Eleocharis 71
colored) and the style-base “minimo conico, basi satis dilatate in- cumbente." Boeckeler’s type of E. Lechleri consisted of dwarf plants with capillary culms 15-115 inches high, growing near springs in the Cordillera of Ranco [south of Valdivia], Chile. Some of the specimens cited by me from Johnston's collections, and probably all from Pata- gonia, belong to the species with pallid achenes, and the following definitely so: Снп: Nubla, Pennell по. 12409 (NY). ARGENTINA: Tehuelches, Terr. Santa Cruz, Donat no. 67 (G, NY); Patagonia, 50-53°, Moreno & Tonino nos. 404 (NY), 405 (NY). (The map also includes stations cited by Barros under Æ. albibracteata).
86. E. MoNTEVIDENSIS Kunth, Enum. ii. 144 (1837) [Map 38]; Steudel, Syn. Cyp. 76 (1855); Barros, Anales Mus. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, xxiv. 478, fig. 27 (1928). Limnochloa montevidensis Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. ii". 99 (1842). ŒE. arenicola Torr. in Engelm. & Gray, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. у. 237 (1847); Svenson, Ruopora xxxiv. 219 (1932). Е. montana sensu Britton in Abrams, Fl. Pacific States i. 266, fig. 636 (1923); not (HBK) R. & S. H. montana (HBK) R. & S. ssp. montevidensis Osten, Anales Mus. Hist. Nat. Montevideo, ser. 2°, iii. 183 (1932).—Additional citations: MExico: Tecate River, Lower California, Mearns no. 3786 (NY); Ensenada, Baja California, Wig- gins & Demarce nos. 4750 (NY), 4772 (NY); Vera Cruz, F. Mueller no. 2149 (NY); Durango, Е. Palmer no. 99 in 1896 (NY); in fossis, Guanaxuato, Hartweg no. 241 (NY). Texas: Dallas, Reverchon no. 1004 (NY); Fort Worth, Ruth no. 147 (NY); Horseshoe Lake, Jackson Co., Drushel no. 9015 (B); Neuces Bay, Ravenel no. 70 (NY); Belknap, S. Hayes in 1858 (NY); Guadalupe Mts., Culberson Co., Moore & Steyermark no. 3508 (B, NY); Mouth of Rio Grande, Runyon in 1926 (NY); Strickland Spring, Kinney Co., Mearns no. 1363 (NY). N. Mexico: Ute Park, Standley no. 13969 (NY). Arizona: Chiricahua Mts., Goodman & Hitchcock no. 1219 (B, NY). Catirornta: San Gabriel Mts., Los Angeles Co., L. C. Wheeler no. 2592 (B). ARGEN- TINA: Candelaria, Salta, Venturi no. 9486 (G); Dept. Leales, Tucuman, Venturi no. 392 (G); Dept. Capital, Tucuman, Venturi no. 2276 (B, US); Duraquito, Tucuman, Venturi no. 1548 (B, US); Cordoba, Kneucker no. 157 (б). Uruguay: Montevideo, Humboldt ex Sellow (TYPE, Berlin, Kunth hb. no. 3205); Montevideo, Herter no. 604 (NY); Barra Santa Lucia, San José, Osten no. 22309 (B).
The type is identical with E. arenicola from Texas.
87. Е. NopuLosa (Roth) Schultes; Svenson, RuoponRa xxxix. 255 (1937). Е. chrysocarpa Boeckl. (PL. 545, rra. 8).
E. NODULOSA var. ANGULATA Svenson [MAP 36]. Perennial from a thickened, spongy, horizontal rootstock with prominent ovate scales; culms erect, 0.5-3 dm. high, 1-2 mm. broad, terete, striate, obscurely septate: sheaths reddish, truncate and mucronate at the apex: spike-
€
72 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
lets cylindric, usually obtuse, 5-15 mm. long, about 20-50-flowered: scales firm, not appressed, obtuse to somewhat acute, lustrous pur- plish-brown, sometimes with a green midrib: stamens 3 (or 2); anthers 1.3 mm. long: style 3-fid: achene trigonous, obovate, narrowed at the apex, 1.2-1.5 mm. long, shining olivaceous (yellowish when immature), striate-reticulate: style-base trigonous, conic-subulate to broadly truncate-apiculate with a raised margin; bristles equalling the achene. —Rnuopona xxxix. 258 (1937). E. montana (HBK) R. & S. Syst. ii. 153 (1817); Kunth, Enum. ii. 149 (1837). Scirpus montanus HBK. Nov. Gen. et Sp. i. 226 (1816). KE. haematolepis Steud. Syn. Сур. 79 (1855), e deser. E. andesica C. B. Clarke, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. viii. 23 (1908).
The single large plant representing the TYPE of Scirpus montanus from Quindiu Pass [opposite Bogota] in the Middle Cordillera of Colombia was divided between Berlin and Paris, the larger part being at Paris. The thickened rootstocks (4 mm. diam.) and culms,
and pitted shiny olivaceous achenes are somewhat like E. subarticulata (Nees) Boeckl. (E. Widgrenii Boeckl.), but its real affinity is with F. nodulosa. Unfortunately, in publishing var. angulata, I had not the slightest suspicion that it represented the greatly misunderstood FE. montana, and I have not been able as yet to find the name montana used as a variety. Venturi no. 8837 (С) from Cerro Nogalito, Tucu- man, Argentina, closely resembles the type, both in appearance and achenes, but shows outward septation, which is not discernible in the type of Scirpus montanus.
Additional citations: СогомвіА: Las Cruces, Bogota, 2600 m., Pennell no. 2169A (NY); ? Lehmann no. 8735 (sine loc.); Andes de Bogota, alt. 2,660 m., Triana no. 421 (US, corvrkE of E. andesica).
The achene which I examined from the TYPE collection of Scirpus montanus was yellowish and not mature, but identical with immature achenes of Venturi no. 8837. Duchassaing's specimen from Guatemala (түрк, Paris) upon which E. subnodulosa Steud. was based, is a slender plant with eulms 1 mm. wide, septae far apart, and with small yellow trigonous to planoconvex achenes (1.0 mm. long), with constricted apex. E. contracta Maury, from description and figure! agrees well with it, and should be placed under the synonymy of E. nodulosa var. subnodulosa.
88. E. Paropu Barros, Anales Mus. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires xxxiv. 480, fig. 28 (1928); Svenson, RHODORA xxxix. 262 (1937).
Though probably a distinct species, it has much in common (cf.
! Mém. Soc. Phys. Genóve xxxi. 139, t. 416 (1890).
1939] Svenson,—Monographic Studies in the Genus Eleocharis 73
Barros’ illustration) with Scirpus montanus, especially the inflated culms which are septate internally, and the peculiar apex of the achene, as well as the strongly mucronate sheath-apex.
89. E. ELEGANS (НВК) В. & S.; Е. geniculata of auths., not L. (See discussion under E. geniculata.)
89a. E. pensa Benth.; Svenson, RHopoRA xxxix. 262 (1937).
Additional species, apparently of this group (Truncatae), have been described and illustrated by Barros (op. cit.), but of these I have seen no authentic material. The species are as follows:
90. E. LEcHLERI Boeckl.; Barros, p. 470, fig. 22 (right); Svenson, Кнорока xxxi. 181 (1929).
Barros’ illustration closely resembles the type of E. melanocephala Desv.
91. E. MENDoOcINA Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chil. 1873. 553 (1873) and v. 350 (1896); Barros, p. 484, fig. 22 (left).
The figure by Barros is similar to material included by me under 2. Dombeyana but the achene described by Philippi as “sub lente fortiori tenuissime ruguloso" certainly would not apply to E. Dom- beyana. Е. mendocina came from Mendoza Province (Argentina).
92. E. SPEGAZZINII Barros, op. cit., 474, fig. 25 (1928), known from ARGENTINA: Colonia Resistencia, Chaco; and Prov. Formosa (Joer- gensen no. 2940, in part).
It is exceedingly close to, if not identical with, E. cylindrica of Texas.
93. E. HAUMANIANA Barros, op. cit., p. 482, fig. 29 (1928); Osten, Anales Mus. Hist. Nat. Montevideo, ser. 2a, iii. 181 (1932).
This species grows with EF. palustris in marshy places in the vicinity of Buenos Aires and in Uruguay. I should not be surprised if it turned out to be E. rostellata, which is already known from Western Argentina (Кнорона, xxxvi. 384 (1934)).
Series 7: TENUISSIMAE For species (по. 94-119) see Кнорока xxxix, 210-254 (1937). Е. leucocarpa Boeckl. Kjob. Vedensk. Meddel. 1869. 132 (1870) is il- lustrated [Pr. 545, ria. 5].
Serles 8: SULCATAE (Achene measurements include the style-base (tubercle))
a. Spikelets large (5-12 mm. long) subglobose to ovoid, scales асосе to acuminate rd сле eee een deus On, 120. E. nudipes. a. Spikelets not subglobose. . . .^.
74 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
b. Spikelets obovoid, 5-7 mm. long.................. 121. E. pachystyla. b. Spiklets cylindric to ovate, mostly subacute... .c. c. Culms tuberous-thickened at base, from short lignescent rootstocks. ааа. 122. E. quinquangularis. c. Culms not tuberous-thickened. . . .d.
d. Scales emarginate Achenes 0.8-1.0 mm. long; spikelets many-flowered 123. E. filiculmis. Achenes 1.2 mm. long; spikelets 12-20-flowered 125. E. Loefgreniana. d. рки obtuse to acute; not emarginate.. . . е. . Style-base strongly 3-lobed below... JS. df. Style-base mitriform; the lobes not decurrent on the body of the subcancellate achene. . .. .126. E. dunensis. J. Style-base pyramidal the lobes decurrent on the angles of the smooth to reticulate achene Style-base as wide as the achene; scales purplish-
black. Апдеап..................... 128. E. pachycarpa. Style-base narrower than the achene; scales dull brown. 2... .0 00000 es 127. E. viridans.
e. Style-base not 3-lobed Achenes 0.8-1.0 mm. long; spikelets many-flowered 123. E. filiculmis (E. sulcata). Achenes 1.2 mm. long; spikelets 5-12-flowered 124. E. glauco-virens.
120. E. хоріреѕ (Kunth) Palla (Pr. 544, ric. 1). Мар 52. Perennial with coarse knotted ligneous rhizomes; culms stiff, erect, shiny, striate, often twisted, 1.5-6 dm. long, 1 mm. wide: sheaths purplish to stramineous, the apex oblique, firm, apiculate, the mucro often adnate to the cartilaginous surface: spikelets subglobose, in age becom- ing broadly ovoid, obtuse, 5-12 mm. long, many-flowered: scales ap- pressed, membranous, oblong-lanceolate, the subacute to attentuate tips conspicuously whitened, the lowermost sterile and often spreading: stamens 3, anthers 1.0 mm. long: achene obovate, 1.2 mm. long, tri- gonous with costulate angles, pale-stramincous, striate-reticulate: style- base short, pyramidal, trigonous to lamelliform; bristles none.— Denksch. К. К. Akad. Wissensch. Wien Ixxix. 171 (1908). Isolepis nudipes Kunth, Enum. ii. 206 (1837); Steud. Syn. Cyp. 100 (1855). Scirpidium grande Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. iit. 97 (1842). E. grandis Boeckl. Linnaea xxxvi. 453 (1869-70); C. B. Clarke, Pl. Hassl. 237 (1903) and Ill. Сур. t. xxxviii. fig. 10-15 (1909); Barros, Anales Mus. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires xxxiv. 462, fig. 18 (1928); Osten, Anales Mus. Hist. Nat. Montevideo, ser. 2, 11. 178 (1932). Scirpus nudipes Griseb. Symb. Fl. Arg. 312 (1879). H. pachstyla vars. macrostachya and angustostachya Pfeiffer, Herbarium 2. 55 (1921).—Bnazir: Sellow no. 183 (Berlin, TYPE of Isolepis nudipes); Sellow no. 1753 (Berlin, TYPE (?) of Scirpidium grande); Rio Janeiro a Minas, Glaziou no. 16534 (Berlin). Parana: Curityba, Dusén no. 2332 (С); Juguaria- hyva, Dusén no. 10525 (NY, S); Turma, 800 m., Dusén no. 1334a (G). Minas GEnaEs: Caldas, Mosén no. 1080 (S). Rio GRANDE ро SUL: Povo Novo, Мате no. 381 (5); Canoas, pr. Porto Alegre, (sine coll. ?)
hé
a =a = AT SA » ais
"y l т
М “A
W” 2„ ж» „Жс » Р I Н
| '"50[- 51 TE E Maps 43-52. Map of ELEOCHARIS; 48, OBTUSA; 44, OVATA; 45, ENGEL-
MANNI; 46, TETRAQUETRA; 47, QUINQUANGULARIS; 48, VIRIDANS; 49, DUNENSIS; 50, PACHYCARPA; 51, LOEFGRENIANA; 52, NUDIPES.
76 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
(S). PaRAGUAY: Yerbales, reg. flum. Capibary, Hassler no. 4436 (G) (as E. pachystyla); pr. Itanguá, Hassler nos. 1124 (NY), 1062 (NY), 1064 (NY); Capitindu, á l'est de la Cordillére de Villa Rica, Balansa no. 122 (S); in altoplanitie, Sierra de Amambay, Hassler no. 11354 (Berlin). UruGuay: Tacuarembó (cited by Osten).
This is one of the most remarkable species of Eleocharis, easily recognized (at least when young) by the many-flowered nearly globose heads with conspicuous whitened-attenuate scales, of which an un- usually large number at the base are sterile. In the Berlin Herba- rium, Kunth's no. 2249 is labeled “ Montevideo, Humboldt ex Sellow," but the species is not cited from Montevideo by Osten. The speci- men probably came from southern Brazil.
121. E. rAcuvsTYLA (C. Wright) Clarke; Svenson, RHODORA xxxix. 268 (1937).
122. E. QUINQUANGULARIS Boeckl. [MAP 47], Сур. Nov. i. 15 (1888); Maury, Mém. Soc. Phys. & Hist. Nat. Genéve xxxi. 136, t. 41a (1889); C. B. Clarke, Bull. Herb. Boiss. ser. 2, iii. 1015 [Pl. Hassler. 237] (1903); Barros, Anales Mus. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires xxxiv. 461, fig. 17 (1928).—ARGENTINA: Sierra de Santa Ana, Misiones, Niederlein (түрк, Berlin); Terr. Chaco, Joergensen no. 2625 (С).
This local species of northeastern Argentina has been well illustrated by Maury and by Barros. It is a tall coarse plant related to E. sulcata, characterized by short knotted rootstocks, hardened bulbous culm- bases, and thick roots; with culms (often 1 mm. wide), channelled and flattened, much as in E. Wolfii. The cylindric blunt spikelets are large, becoming 12 mm. long and 4 mm. wide. The angles of the trigonous, grayish-white achenes (1.0-1.2 mm. long) vary from blunt to strongly costate, and the style-base tends to be mitriform. I be- lieve it is the same as К. filiculmis (cf. Кнорока xxxix. 266 (1937)), conforming to the description by Boeckeler “ culmisque basi tuberascentibus," represented in hb. Berlin by Kunth no. 3204a (sub E. montevidensis), labeled “ E. filiculmis. Scir- pus filiculmis Schrad. ined. Bahia. Lhotzky legit," and by an identical specimen “ Е. filiculmis? Montevideo, rel. Sellow, Humboldt. Hb. Kunth 3204a." I am not absolutely certain that these specimens represent the TYPE of Scirpus filiculmis and the type locality, more- over, is obscure. In view of the confusion attending the name, E. sulcata, it is best, for the present at least, to maintain E. quinquangu-
rhizomate abbreviato-
laris as a distinct species. E. sulcata Nees (technically a nomen nudum until Boeckeler's
1939] Svenson,—Monographic Studies in the Genus Eleocharis 77
citation in 1869-70) was based on Scirpidium sulcatum Nees (1842), and primarily on Macrae’s collection in hb. Lindley from Bahia. Nees included Æ. filiculmis Kunth as a synonym. The name Scirpus sulcatus Roth, on the other hand, originated from a collection from eastern Brazil by Martens (TYPE probably at Oldenburg).! This name, а later homonym of Scirpus sulcatus Petit-Thouars, could have been taken up under Eleocharis by our present rules (provided no valid name had meanwhile been published), but Boeckeler (1860) had already adopted the new name KE. Rothiana. However, several older names are probably available. It is possible that FE. emarginata (Nees) Klotzsch, based on specimens from Sao Рашо and Campanha (Minas Geraes), belongs here; on the other hand, Е. emarginata per- haps represents E. Loefgreniana.
123. E. riLicULMIS Kunth; Svenson, Кнорока xxxix. 266 (1937).
124. E. GLAUCO-vIRENS Boeckl. (pL. 545, ric. 6). Perennial from slender descending rootstock; culms filiform, shining glaucous green, 15-25 em. high, flexuous, irregularly striate-sulcate: sheaths brown, stramineous and reddish-punctate above, the apex acuminate: spike- lets ovate, 3-5 mm. long, loosely 5-12 flowered: scales not appressed (except the lowest), oblong-ovate, obtuse to emarginate, membranous, castaneous, with broad hyaline margin and punctate greenish keel: stamens 3; anthers apiculate, 0.4 mm. long: style 3-fid: achenes trigonous, ovate-elliptic, 1.3 mm. long, iridescent greenish-white, lightly reticulate: style-base 14 as long as the body, broad to narrowly py- ramidal with concave sides, obtuse to acute, the margin prominent; bristles cinnamon-brown, equalling the achene.—Cyp. Nov. i. 13 (1888).—BRazrL: prov. Santa Catherina, Ule (hb. Glaziou no. 15686) (TYPE, Cop).
E. GLAUCO-VIRENS is related to E. viridans and Е. crinalis, and as in those species the margin of the trigonous style-base is raised. The achene is considerably larger and more elongated than in Æ. filiculmis (E. sulcata), which has achenes 1.0 (or sometimes as little as 0.8 mm.) long.
(То be continued)
! Cf. Bot. Zeitung xxvi. 307 (1828).
? Klotzsch ex Boeckl. Linnaea xxxvi. 443 (1869—70); Palla in Usteri, Fl. Sào Paulo 158 (1911). Chaetocyperus emarginatus Nees in Martius, Fl. Bras. iit, 96 (1842); Steudel, Syn. Cyp. 74 (1855).
78 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
PLANTS NEW TO MINNESOTA OLGA LAKELA
ERUCASTRUM GALLICUM (Willd.) О. E. Schulz! occurs in Duluth. This report is substantiated by the author's collections, Nos. 1683 and 1765, under the name of Radicula obtusa (Nutt.) Britt., which later were correctly determined by Dr. John W. Moore, University of Minnesota.
In 1911, Dr. B. L. Robinson regarded this species, then under the name of Erucastrum Pollichii Schimper et Spenner,? as so well estab- lished that it deserved to be placed on record as an adventive in America. This record was based on two collections: one from Mil- waukee, Wisconsin in 1903, and the other from Sherborn, Massachu- setts in 1910. Dr. Robinson’s interesting statement follows: “The second station at a great distance from the first suggests that the species is likely to turn up elsewhere. ”
A study of herbarium specimens reveals that even at that time the species had reached North Dakota. "There is a specimen in the Uni- versity of Minnesota Herbarium collected by Professor О. A. Stevens at Fargo, in 1910, and another by Dr. H. F. Bergman at Grand Forks in 1912. The author's collection, No. 507 was made at Minot in 1930, a considerable distance westward from the Minnesota-Dakota state line. In each locality the plants were collected near Great Northern Railroad tracks.
Obviously the plants have been overlooked in Minnesota until 1936 when they were found on Minnesota Point, on a year-old sand-fill adjoining Oatka Beach Addition. They were common among annual pioneers, but in 1938, when perennials dominated the area, Erucastrum migrated to another sand-fill, а bare area, about one-half mile farther south, where it established a plant community with species of Poly- gonum and other annuals.
Dr. P. A. Rydberg in Flora of the Prairies and Plains of Central North America, p. 374, 1932, treated the species as “ Erucastrum Pollichii Spenner," limiting its range of distribution to Mo., S. D., N. D.
LUZULA NEMOROsA (Poll. E. Mey. grows in dense, scattered col- onies on the south-facing slope of Hunter's Hill in Duluth, in the more open places of the woods where the ground flora is dominated by
! Engler's Bot. Jarhb. LIV, Beibl. n. 119 (1916) 56. 2? Ruopora, XIII: 10-12. 1911
1939] Lakela,—Plants New to Minnesota 79
grasses. The collections, Nos. 2492 and 2712, were made on June 26, and August 7, respectively.
This species, of a wide distribution in Europe, has been reported as an adventive in America, occurring locally in New York and Ontario. There is a specimen at the University of Minnesota from Vermont.
SAGINA PROCUMBENS L. grows in moist moss on a wooded terrace sloping to a small pond in Forest Hill Cemetery, Duluth, where the collection No. 2561 was made. The plants cover a considerable area of the terrace and are associated with Viola pallens and Cerastium vulgatum.
Many deciduous trees are planted along the walks at the terrace level, but the steep hillside above it is under native forest. In America this species 1з found mostly in the states of the Atlantic coast. It has been reported from Kansas. There are specimens from Louisiana in the University of Minnesota Herbarium.
VALERIANA OFFICINALIS L. has become established on wooded slopes in East Duluth. The collection, No. 2560, was made in a poplar thicket on Snively Road near Morley Park.
This commonly cultivated plant has escaped from cultivation. It is reported from N. E. to N. J. and Ohio.
ANTHEMIS TINCTORIA L. is occasional on roadsides in East Duluth. A sizable colony was found on a gravelly slope on Chester Park Hill near Kenwood, where the specimens, No. 2762, were collected. Another station was located about four miles farther east in Lester Park.
The species has been reported from Maine, N. J. and Ia.
SEDUM TELEPHIUM L. grows in vigorous clumps in several stations in East Duluth. "The plants, No. 2728, were collected on the bank of Lester River at the junction of Jean Du Luth road and Snively Boule- vard. Near this locality, another colony grows in alder thicket, peri- odically, at least, under water. In the University Herbarium, there is one collection of this species from Rock County, Minnesota.
PANICUM PHILADELPHICUM Bernh. was found on the sandy shore of Lake Comstock about thirty-four miles north of Duluth, and two miles west from Highway No. 4. In addition to the author's collec- tion, No. 2732, there is a specimen in the University of Minnesota Herbarium from Montevideo, collected by Mr. G. S. Fellows in 1931. The author's determination of these specimens was verified by Mrs. Agnes Chase, United States National Herbarium.
STATE TEACHERS COLLEGE, Duluth, Minnesota.
80 Rhodora | FEBRUARY
ARABIS VIRIDIS var. HETEROPHYLLA.—Hopkins in RHODORA 39: 160 (1937) makes a claim that my Arabis laevigata var. heterophylla was based nomenclatorially in part upon A. heterophylla Nutt., hence is untenable because my plant is not the same as that of Nuttall. This claim has no foundation in fact as the specific name of Nuttall, though identical with my varietal name, had no part whatever in my choice of a name for the Michigan plant; had it in any way been the source of my varietal name I should have written * (Nutt.) n. comb." instead of the “п. var." which was used. It is true that I suggested that the Michigan plant might be the same as Nuttall's species but that is far indeed from making Nuttall's species the source in whole or in any part of the name used by me. "Therefore the name 4. viridis var. Deamii Hopkins, l. c. 157 is, under article 60 of the International Rules, an illegitimate name as it was superfluous when published. The correct name is
A. viRIDIS Harger var. heterophylla (Farwell), n. comb. (A. laevi-
gata, var. heterophylla Farwell Ann. Rpt. Mich. Acad. Sci. 19: 248. 1917).—O. A. FARWELL, Lake Linden, Michigan.
VALERIANELLA, A CoRRECTION.—The citation given in my revision of Valerianella! for V. olitoria is inccrrect.
It should read V. ovrroni4 (L.) Poll. (Valerianella olitoria Poll., Hist. Pl. Palat. 1: 30 (1776) ) instead of V. olitoria (L.) Dufr. as there stated.—Sanan C. DYAL.
1 Rhodora 40: 190 (1938).
Volume 41, no. 481, including pages 1-86 and plates 337—389, was issued 7 January, 1939.
8 1939
Dodota
JOURNAL OF THE
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Vol. 41. March, 1939. No. 483. CONTENTS: New Variety of Iva ciliata from Indian Rock-Shelters in South- céntral United States. S, F. БШ. oo. мыл аса нао... 81 Panicum Tuckermani a Variety of Panicum philadelphicum. Julian А. Steyermark and Hazel M. Schmoll ............. uu. 86
Monographic Studies in the Genus Eleocharis—V (concluded). ү, ч Р, С is ek TEQUE T UD PU CUTE RENE
Some Noteworthy Plants recently found in the Coastal Plain of
Maryland and Delaware. A. V. Smith. ........ lees 111 Hibiscus palustris, forma oculiroseus. M. L. Fernald........... 112 Moss Flora of North America (Notice). С. E. Nichols. ......... 112
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